Introduction: Core build up materials are routinely used to restore grossly decayed teeth and in the oral environment they are subjected to changes in the temperature due to consumption of hot and cold food. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of thermocycling on the fracture toughness and hardness of 5 core build up materials. Materials and Methods: Fifteen specimens were prepared for each of the following materials: DPI alloy, Miracle-mix, Vitremer, Fuji II LC and Photocore. American Standard for Testing Materials guidelines were used for the preparation of single-edge notch, bar-shaped specimens. Ten specimens of each material were thermocycled for 2000 cycles and the other 5 specimens were not thermocycled (non-thermocycled group). All specimens were subjected to 3-point bending in a universal testing machine. The load at fracture was recorded and the fracture toughness (K _IC ) was calculated. Vickers hardness test was conducted on the thermocycled and non-thermocycled group specimens. Results: Photocore had the highest mean K _IC in both thermocycled and non-thermocycled groups. Miracle-mix demonstrated the lowest mean fracture toughness (K _IC ) for both thermocycled and non-thermocycled groups. By applying Mann Whitney 'U' test the Vickers hardness value in all materials used in the study is highly superior in non-thermocycled group as compared to thermocycled group (P < 0.01). Non-thermocycled Photocore showed highest hardness values of 87.93. Vitremer had lowest hardness of 40.48 in thermocycled group. Conclusion: Thermocycling process negatively affected the fracture toughness and hardness of the core build-up materials.

Background: In a resource-limited setting, use of advanced reconstruction procedures for cleft patient is unaffordable. The autogenous graft sites such as iliac or rib are not favored owing to socio-ethno-economic and cosmetic reasons. In such situations, tibial graft is an excellent alternative. There is limited literature on the use of tibial graft from India and this manuscript attempts to address this lacuna. Materials and Methods: Archives of a single department on cleft palate cases treated with tibial graft were collected. Cases fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. The efficiency of treatment was evaluated from the orthopantomogram (OPG) and/or computed tomogram (CT) imaging using previously described methodology. All the data collected were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The mean age of the patients was 17.78 ± 3.29 years with a range of 13-23 years. Three patients had been treated with secondary bone grafting, while the remainder had been treated with tertiary bone grafting. The median age of the study population was 17.39 years, while the mode was 17 years. The mean efficiency in terms of preoperative and post-operative size of defects as measured in OPG was 74.32 ± 7.31, while it was 73.15 ± 9.9 as measured in CT. All the patients were comfortable with closure of the defect. Patients treated with secondary bone grafting had a mean efficiency was 79.53 ± 9.07, while for tertiary grafting, it was 71.72 ± 4.86. Conclusion: The tibial graft offers an excellent alternative to the conventional standard grafts such as iliac crest or rib grafts. The efficiency of the treatment measured at 6 months period on standard OPG or CT is comparable to the results obtained with the rib/iliac crest.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of anterior teeth fracture among visually impaired individuals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 103 blind individuals (70 males and 33 females), with age ranges from 10 years to 29 years, the survey was carried out according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and by using WHO classification for teeth fracture. All subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of whether they are partially sighted or totally blind. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, with keeping the level of significance at P < 0.05. Results: Overall prevalence of 34.95% of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth was found in the study population with no significant difference between both groups (P < 0.05). Female were having significantly more fracture than males (P < 0.005). Fall being indoor was the most common cause. Permanent maxillary central incisors were most commonly injured with injuries involving enamel and dentin being the most frequently observed. Increased overjet and inadequate lip coverage were significantly associated with the occurrence of trauma (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of dental injuries in a group of individuals with blind. This should alert caregivers to carry out a profound investigation of the events and suggest methods to reduce this type of morbidity.

Aim: Determination of the plane of occlusion in completely edentulous patients with the help of the ala-tragus line (Camper's plane) may be questioned. An attempt to devise an alternative method to determine the orientation of the plane of occlusion was made. Materials and Methods: Cephalometric analysis was used to identify whether a correlation exists between the plane of occlusion of dentulous Indian individuals and other stable cranial landmarks. Results: A negative correlation was found to exist between the occlusal Plane-FH plane angle and the porion-nasion-anterior nasal spine (PoNANS) angle. Conclusions: From the derived mathematical correlation, it was concluded that the angulation of the occlusal plane in completely edentulous subjects may be determined by taking a cephalogram at the diagnostic stage. Further, the clinical applicability of the derived mathematical formula (while determining the plane of occlusion) was tested on completely edentulous patients.

Background: 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is one of the widely used anti-hyperthyroid drug used for the treatment of grave's disease. A medicated tool despite being non-invasive, economical and giving reliable results presented with some difficulties, which became prevalent in our subsequent studies, thus prompting us to formulate a new method for predicting oral health status and diseases like diabetes occurring in India. Aim and Objectives: The current paper would be focusing on the new biological marker-Hormonal Fingerprint that is under trial to predict children for their caries risk susceptibility. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 children were selected of age group 6-16 years and PROP sensitivity test was carried out by placing a strip on the dorsal surface of the subject tongue. The hormonal fingerprint was made by measuring the length ratio of the index and ring finger with the help of digital vernier caliper. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical method employed to compute the results were Pearson's Chi-square test and analysis of variance. Results: Overall results suggested positive correlation between low second-to-fourth digit ratio(2D:4D), i.e. high prenatal androgen levels and high caries index in an Indian population. Conclusion: The research confirms the impact of hormones on human perception of taste and dietary preferences, which in turn influence their caries index and could also extend way beyond it.

Aim: The present study aimed to measure the concentration of lead in various indigenous preparations of tooth powders available and used locally in and around Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Materials and Methods: Seven different brands of tooth powders manufactured and/or marketed locally were obtained from stores all over Udaipur city. Some home-made powders commonly used for cleaning teeth were also collected. The tooth powders were analyzed for lead content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: All tooth powders tested were found to contain high levels of lead ranging from 21 ppm to 82 ppm, above the maximum permissible level of 20 ppm prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Conclusion: Indigenous tooth powders contain high levels of lead and thus may be a source of lead poisoning that is often overlooked.

Background: World-wide, the contribution of dental caries to the burden of oral diseases is about 10 times higher than that of periodontal disease, the other common oral condition. Owing to its globally high prevalence, dental caries is a "pandemic" disease characterized by a high percentage of untreated carious cavities causing pain, discomfort and functional limitations. Untreated carious cavities; furthermore, have a significant impact on the general health of children and on the social and economic well-being of communities. A surgical approach to the elimination of carious lesion was developed a century ago; this approach was necessary at that time, because there was no valid alternative. The focus in caries has recently shifted to the development of methodologies for the detection of the early stages of caries lesions and the non-invasive treatment of these lesions. The non-invasive treatment of early lesions by remineralization has the potential to be a major advance in the clinical management of the disease. Remineralization of white-spot lesions may be possible with a variety of currently available agents containing fluoride, bioavailable calcium and phosphate and phosphate. This concept bridges the traditional gap between prevention and surgical procedures, which is just what dentistry needs today. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and to compare the remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) on artificial white spot enamel lesions using the quantitative light fluorescence (QLF). Materials and Methods: A total of 45 caries-free extracted maxillary first premolars were embedded in acrylic resin. The samples were randomly divided into three groups namely control group, CPP-ACP group and CPP-ACFP group with 15 samples in each group. The samples of each group were subjected to demineralization process for a period of 96 h. The samples were then mounted in the artificial mouth model and subjected to remineralization and pH cycling for a period of 21 days. QLF readings were recorded at the end of demineralization (1 ^st , 7 ^th , 14 ^th and 21 ^st day) and were statistically analyzed. Results: As compared with artificial saliva both CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP produced significant amount of remineralization of the artificial enamel white spot lesion (P < 0.001), however when the remineralizing effect of CPP-ACP was compared with the remineralizing effect of CPP-ACFP there was no significant difference. Significant amount of remineralization was produced by CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP only after the 7 ^th day. After the 14 ^th day, the remineralization produced by both CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP as compared to artificial saliva was non-significant.

Introduction: Remineralization as a treatment procedure has received a lot of attention both from clinicians as well as researchers. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Remin Pro^® on enamel microhardness after bleaching the teeth with McInnes bleaching agent using Vickers microhardness tester. Materials and Methods: In this study, freshly extracted ten central incisors were taken which were subjected to baseline indentation by using Vickers microhardness indenter and then McInnes bleaching solution was applied for 5 min to demineralize these teeth. Remin Pro a newer remineralizing agent was applied for 7 days, which showed an increase in microhardness at the end of 7 days. Results: The values were subjected for statistical analysis using paired t-test. All the samples showed a decrease in the microhardness after bleaching with McInnes solution. The decrease in mean hardness from baseline to demineralization was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). However, remineralizing the same tooth with Remin Pro for 7 days, showed an increase in hardness, which was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: McInnes bleaching agent decreases the microhardness of enamel and Remin Pro^® used in the study causes an increase in the microhardness of bleached enamel.

Introduction: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial and physical properties of orthodontic composite resin modified by the addition of an antimicrobial agent. Materials and Methods: Transbond XT (3M Unitek), a photo-activated, light-cured composite resin, modified by the addition of chlorhexidine, in concentrations 2.5 wt% was formed into a uniform disc and also used for direct bonding of the brackets on the freshly extracted premolars for testing. The tablets of each group and a control group were subjected to the agar plate diffusion test to measure the zone of bacterial inhibition. In addition, they were incubated for 24 h in brain heart infusion medium inoculated with Streptococcus mutans and examined for antimicrobial action. A total of 80 extracted premolars were collected and divided into two sets of 40 teeth each. Stainless steel preadjusted edgewise appliance (PEA) brackets were bonded by using control and experimental composites. A universal testing machine was used to determine the shear bond strength. The first set of teeth was tested after 24 h and the second set after 25 days of storage in distilled water. Time-dependent release of antimicrobial agents from the modified composites was also monitored spectrophotometrically. Results: The findings indicated that (1) addition of chlorhexidine to the orthodontic composite resin enhanced its antimicrobial properties, (2) there was no significant difference between the bond strengths of the control and the experimental resins tested after 24 h and 25 days and (3) maximum release of chlorhexidine from the modified resin was much higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration level.

Background: When ceramic brackets were introduced as an esthetic alternative to the stainless steel brackets, it was a step ahead in the use of esthetic appliances for orthodontic treatment. Although ceramic brackets had overcome the drawbacks of the initial polycarbonate brackets such as staining and bracket slot distortion, they posed an altogether different problem. This was on account of the physical properties of the ceramic material, namely brittleness. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical properties of three different varieties of esthetic brackets, i.e., "MXI" ceramic bracket, "Spirit MB" bracket (Ormco), a composite bracket with metal slot reinforcement and the third one fiber bracket, with silicious copolymer, Natura (Leone Co.). Aims and Objective of the Study : The objective of this study is to compare the torsional resistance of the brackets and resistance of brackets to second order archwire activations. Conclusion: The strength of the selected brackets was more than sufficient to withstand orthodontic load without any fracture or deformation.

Context: Heat treatment allows the use of direct composite resins for fabrication of inlays/onlays restorations because it improves some mechanical and physical properties. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of heat treatment on the water sorption and solubility of direct composite resins compared with an indirect composite resin. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 cylindrical specimens were fabricated (6 mm diameter × 2 mm high) and divided into five groups (n = 10): G1 (FillMagic without heat treatment-control 1), G2 (heat-treated FillMagic), G3 (P60 without heat treatment-control 1), G4 (heat-treated P60) and G5 (indirect resin Epricord-control 2). After fabrication, the specimens were placed in a desiccator containing silica gel and maintained at 37°C for 24 h. This cycle was repeated until a constant weight was achieved (m ₁ ). Following, the specimens were stored in individual flasks containing 2 ml of distilled water in an oven at 37°C. The specimens were weighed after intervals of 1, 7 and 21 days of immersion in water (m ₂ ). After 21 days of storage in water, the specimens were once again desiccated until a constant weight was achieved (m ₃ ). The mean diameter and thickness of specimens were obtained using a digital pachymeter. Statistical Analysis Used: Two - way analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used to compare the sorption and solubility (α = 0.05). Results: The type of resin significantly influenced the sorption (P = 0.01) and solubility (P = 0.00). The heat treatment also significantly influenced the sorption (P = 0.026) and solubility (P = 0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that the heat treatment is an additional curing method that improves strength to the sorption and solubility of composite resins.

Objectives: To compare the shear bond strength of a nano-ceramic restorative composite Ceram-X Mono^TM♦, a restorative resin with the traditional orthodontic composite Transbond XT^TM† and to evaluate the site of bond failure using Adhesive Remnant Index. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human premolars were divided into two groups of 30 each. Stainless steel brackets were bonded using Transbond XT^TM† (Group I) and Ceram-X Mono^TM♦ (Group II) according to manufacturer's protocol. Shear bond strength was measured on Universal testing machine at crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. Adhesive Remnant Index scores were assigned to debonded brackets of each group. Data was analyzed using unpaired 't' test and Chi square test. Results: The mean shear bond strength of Group I (Transbond XT^TM†) was 12.89 MPa ± 2.19 and that of Group II (Ceram-X Mono^TM) was 7.29 MPa ± 1.76. Unpaired 't' test revealed statistically significant differences amongst the shear bond strength of the samples measured. Chi-square test revealed statistically insignificant differences amongst the ARI scores of the samples measured. Conclusions: Ceram-X Mono^TM♦ had a lesser mean shear bond strength when compared to Transbond XT^TM† which was statistically significant difference. However, the mean shear bond of Ceram X Mono was within the clinically acceptable range for bonding. Ceram-X Mono^TM† and Transbond XT^TM† showed cohesive fracture of adhesive in 72.6% and 66.6% of the specimens, respectively.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of different combinations of irradiance and exposure time for a given radiant exposure on the degree of conversion (DC) and on the mechanical properties of two resin composites: Filtek Z250 and Filtek P90 LS (3M ESPE). Materials and Methods: The following curing protocols were used: Standard irradiance: 400 mW/cm² for 60 s; Medium irradiance: 700 mW/cm² for 34 s and High irradiance: 950 mW/cm² for 26 s. The DC was measured using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Each specimen was submitted to five indentations to evaluate the Knoop microhardness (KHN). The flexural strength (FS) was obtained from the three-point bending test. Cylindrical specimens were prepared for the Diametral tensile strength (DTS) test. Statistical analysis: Data were evaluated using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: DC and DTS were not influenced by the different curing protocols. For P90, the medium irradiance showed higher values of KHN than the standard irradiance. For Z250, the high irradiance showed higher values of FS than the standard irradiance. Conclusion: The influence of the different combinations of irradiance and exposure time depends on the resin composite as well as the specifically evaluated mechanical property.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate and to compare the tensile weld strengths and microstructural changes in four archwires namely beta titanium, stainless steel (SS), blue elgiloy and timolium before and after immersion in 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) solution. Materials and Methods: The mean tensile weld strength of a weld joint of four arch wires were compared pre-fluoride (Group 1) with post fluoride (Group 2) and the microstructural characteristics of weld joints were evaluated under an optical microscope. Results: The mean tensile weld strength for beta titanium was 445.64 N/mm ² , blue elgiloy was 363.26 N/mm ² , SS was 358.30 N/mm ² and timolium was 308.62 N/mm ² . After immersion in fluoride the mean tensile strength for beta titanium was 427.16 N/mm ² , blue elgiloy was 359.86 N/mm ² , SS is 349.44 N/mm ² and timolium is 294.86 N/mm ² . After immersion in fluoride, the beta titanium and SS had a smooth fusion at the center of weld assembly with characteristic nugget formation. The beta titanium weld assembly had greater tensile weld strength than other welded assemblies. Blue elgiloy ranked second, whereas SS and timolium were third and fourth respectively. Conclusion: The wires in descending order of their mean tensile weld strength, on evaluation of their weld joints were found to be: Beta titanium > blue elgiloy > SS > timolium. The reduction in tensile weld strength was statistically insignificant for all the archwires after exposure to 1.23% APF at 37°C for 90 min.

Introduction: The use of different materials and techniques has been studied to decide the safest quantum of reduction of the occlusal surfaces. However, these methods provide limited information as to the actual amount of reduction with limitations in accuracy, accessibility and complexity. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the reliability of the most commonly used occlusal registration wax that with polyether bite registration material as a guide for occlusal reduction required during tooth preparations. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of this study, 25 abutment teeth requiring tooth preparation for fixed prosthesis were selected and tooth preparations carried out. Modeling wax strips of specific dimensions were placed onto the cast of prepared tooth, which was mounted on maximum intercuspation on the articulator and the articulator was closed. The thickness of the wax registration was measured at three zones namely two functional cusps and central fossa. Similar measurements were made using the polyether bite registration material and prosthesis at the same zones. The data was tabulated and was subjected to statistical analysis using anova test and Tukey honestly significant difference test. Results: The differences in thickness between wax record and prosthesis by 0.1346 mm, whereas the difference between polyether and prosthesis was 0.02 mm with a P value of 0.042, which is statistically significant. This means that the wax record was 8.25% larger than the prosthesis while polyether was just 1.27% larger than the prosthesis. Conclusion: The clinical significance of the above analysis is that Ramitec polyether bite registration material is most suitable material when compared with commonly used modeling wax during the tooth preparation.

Objective: Evaluate the changes in alveolar bone as a result of maxillary and mandibular incisor retraction in patients with bimaxillary protrusion by means of using lateral cephalograms and computed tomography (CT) scans and to investigate any occurrence of bony defects like dehiscence and fenestration. Subjects and Methods: Ten patients (age 15 ± 3 years) with bimaxillary protrusion treated by extraction of four first premolars were investigated by lateral cephalograms and CT scans during pre-treatment (T1) and after 3 months of completion of incisor retraction (T2). The labial and lingual cortex of all the incisors were assessed on the CT scan with measurements taken at site adjacent to widest point of the labiolingual root in three slices separated by 3 mm at crest level (S1), mid root level (S2), and apical level (S3). Result: In the mandibular arch, after lingual movement of the incisors, the bone labial to the anterior teeth decreased in thickness at the coronal level of the left lateral and left central incisors. Left lateral incisor showed significant changes in all the three levels. In the maxilla the change in the labial bone thickness was not statistically significant. Lingual bone of all the incisors showed significant changes in S1 level and S3 levels. Few patients demonstrated bone dehiscence that was not visible macroscopically or cephalometrically. Conclusions: When incisors are retracted, the risk of adverse effect is present. This must be carefully monitored to avoid negative iatrogenic effects. This study needs follow up after 6 months or 1 year after completion of the orthodontic treatment to assess the long-term consequences.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the size of the pulp chamber in mandibular second molars with the gender and age by means of panoromic radiographs. Materials and Methods: In this study, 200 panoromic radiographs of patients were randomly selected from the archives of the Faculty of Dentistry of Ondokuz Mayis University. The radiographs of the patients were measured under a stereomicroscope and categorized according to the gender and age. Results: Statistically differences were found in the mean sizes of pulp chamber between the groups under and above the age of 30 years (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in terms of "the distance between the tip of the lingual cusp to the roof of the pulp chamber", "the distance between the tip of the lingual cusp to the floor of the pulp chamber" and "the distance from the tip of the lingual cusp to the closest point of the furcation" between the male and female genders (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that the pulp chamber can be exposed easily in female patients, because it is less shallow than males. However, the size of pulp chamber reduces after the age of 30 years in both the genders.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a highly filled light-cured sealant (HFLCS) on the shear bond strength of metal, ceramic and titanium brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Materials and Methods: A total of 60 freshly extracted maxillary premolars were randomly divided into six groups (10 in each group). In all groups, the teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 s and RMGIC (Fuji Ortho LC, GC Europe) was used for bracket bonding. Group 1: Titanium brackets were bonded directly to etched enamel surfaces. Group 2: Titanium brackets were bonded to etched enamel surfaces covered with HFLCS (Pro Seal, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA). Group 3: Metal brackets were bonded directly to etched enamel surfaces. Group 4: Metal brackets were bonded to etched enamel surfaces covered with HFLCS. Group 5: Ceramic brackets were bonded directly to etched enamel surfaces. Group 6: Ceramic brackets were bonded to etched enamel surfaces covered with HFLCS. The specimens were tested in shear mode with a universal testing machine. After debonding, the teeth and the brackets were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Univariate analysis of variance (analysis) was performed to test the main effects of bracket type and HFLCS. Result and Conclusion: The effect of HFLCS on etched enamel surfaces did not affect the bond strength values and bond failure modes of metal, ceramic and Titanium brackets bonded with RMGIC

Oral myiasis is a rare disease caused by larvae of dipteran flies. Houseflies are strongly suspected of transmitting at least 65 diseases to humans, including typhoid fever, dysentery and cholera. Flies regurgitate and excrete wherever they come to rest and thereby mechanically are the root cause for disease organisms. A case of oral myiasis caused by Chrysomya bezziana in the maxillary anterior region in a 40-year-old patient is presented. Manual removal of maggots, and surgical debridement of wound was done followed by broad-spectrum anti-parasitic medications. A note on the identification of the larva and histopathology of the tissue is also highlighted here.

Objectives: To report a case of central odontogenic fibroma (COF) with immunohistochemical study. Clinical Presentation: We describe a case of epithelium-rich type of COF in the posterior region of the mandible of a 39-year-old woman. Immunohistochemical examination showed the odontogenic epithelium to be positive for high-molecular-weight cytokeratins, vimentin and CD99, and negative for CAM5.2. The stroma contained some myofibroblasts and many fibroblast-like cells positive for CD99. Conclusion: Our immunohistochemical findings, and especially the positive expression of vimentin from the epithelial cells of COF suggests that these cells are primordial. Last but not least, the presence of a relative small number of myofibroblasts in the stroma justifies the non-aggressive behavior of the neoplasm and supports that a part of stromal collagen of COF is produced by these cells.

Only few cases of ectopic third molar in relation to the roof of maxillary sinus and posteroinferior to the floor of the orbit have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis is usually done by plain-film radiography. "Caldwell-Luc" operation or endoscopic procedures have been used for the removal of such type of ectopic tooth. We report a case of 46-year-old female patient who presented with pain, swelling and watering of eye due to the ectopic tooth. The trans oral removal (via "Caldwell-Luc" operation) of the ectopic maxillary third molar situated superior to maxillary antrum and posteroinferior to the floor of orbit has been described in this case without any complication.

Nosocomial meningitis is a rare complication of combined craniofacial and neurosurgical procedures. The increase in meningitis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii has resulted in a significant reduction in available treatment options. We report a case of 52-year-old man who sustained a complex craniofacial trauma, who developed nosocomial MDR infection caused by A. baumannii in the wound. Patient was at significant risk of developing meningitis but, he was successfully treated with intravenous colistin. To conclude, patients with complex maxillofacial trauma are at high risk of MDR A. baumannii meningitis, especially in craniofacial intensive care units, and adequate infection control measures with proper institution of antibiotics, should be used to reduce the risk of this infection

The aim of this study was to report a case of two supernumerary teeth in the nasal cavity in a 22-year-old woman who presented pain, rhinorrhea, and inflammation of the nasal mucosa (rhinosinusitis). The computed tomograph scan showed two radiopaque images that were diagnosed as supernumerary nasal teeth. One was unerupted in the floor and the other inverted, and erupted on the floor on the left side of the nasal cavity. They were removed under general anesthesia, one through the palatine approach, and the other directly through the nasal cavity. The patient was followed for a year and there was no sign of recurrence of rhinosinusitis.

Sublingual dermoids are the rarest forms of craniofacial dermoids mostly seen in young individuals. Excision of large and deep submental dermoid is generally done via extraoral approach scarring the most prominent part of the face, which can lead to post operative scar hypertrophy and hyperpigmentation especially in non-Caucasian races. Presence of such scars leads to adverse psychological effects in young individuals. Excision via intraoral route, although technically demanding, can be simplified using basic principles of plastic surgery leading to optimal aesthetic outcome with least downtime. We excised a large sublingual dermoid extending deep to the mylohyoid muscle through intraoral approach with excellent cosmetic results. Clinicians dealing with such lesions should keep these principals in their armamentarium when dealing with this rare subset of cases.

Ancient schwannoma is considered as a variant of schwannoma, comprising about 10% of all schwanommas. Schwannoma is a benign neoplasm derived from the nerve sheath of peripheral motor, sensory and sympathetic nerves and from the cranial nerve pairs. It usually presents as a solitary soft-tissue lesion which is slow growing, encapsulated and is often associated with nerve attached peripherally. Diagnosis is often confirmed with the microscopic examination. The long standing schwannoma attributes to degenerative changes and is termed "ancient" schwannoma. Present case is of a 68-year-old female patient who reported with an asymptomatic large swelling below mandible on the left side since last 23 years. The lesion was surgically excised under general anesthesia.

Acute lingual swelling is a potentially life threatening clinical condition which is encountered very rarely, the differential diagnosis of which includes hemorrhage, infarction, abscess, tumor and edema. Herein we report a case of lingual abscess that presented with acute tongue swelling and respiratory distress after extraction of lower two incisor teeth.

The author presents a case of submerged carious deciduous molar along with an inflammatory atypical follicular cyst associated with an impacted mandibular second premolar in the right mandible identified through clinical and routine radiological examination including cone beam computed tomography and histopathology. The involvement of submerged deciduous molar with dental caries by itself a rare occurrence and an impacted permanent premolar tooth associated with an infected follicular cyst is still more a rare event.

Due to the rise over the years in patient emphasis on better esthetic outcomes, veneering the metal base of a restoration with composite resin or porcelain is widely used in dentistry. For the preservation of the opposing natural dentition and the potential for repair, the use of composite veneering materials has been suggested because of their resilience, low abrasive properties, and superior repair potential. Composites are not as popular as porcelain, but they are still widely used to cover metal because of low cost and because the laboratorial procedures are faster and simpler.

Ultrasonography (US) is the diagnostic tool of choice for evaluating soft tissue lesions in the head and neck region. It is an economic, noninvasive, easily performed exam and provides real-time images, without the exposure to ionizing radiation, and contrast media is not required. It is usually believed that bone tissue constitutes an obstacle for its utilization, due to the reflection of sonographic waves. A case of mandibular intraosseous cystic pathology is reported, with utilization of US for evaluating the content of the lesion and planning the surgical procedure.

Aim: To determine labial and lingual plate width at extraction site, using extracted tooth. Materials and Methods: Pre-extraction ridge mapping and arch impression using putty consistency elastomeric impression material is recorded, followed by atraumatic tooth extraction, extracted tooth is cleaned and reoriented in the earlier recorded elastomeric putty impression. The cast obtained is used to measure bone width. Results: The amount of available labial and palatal bone of an extracted socket can be assessed accurately. Conclusion: This technique will help the surgeon understand the thickness of labial plate especially the apical region without reflecting the flap, also aid in selection of proper dimension of dental implant, and if bone graft is needed.