| |
|
|
| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 29
| Issue : 2 | Page : 201-205 |
|
| A comparative evaluation of the staining capacity of microhybrid and nanohybrid resin-based composite to indian spices and food colorants: An In vitro study |
|
|
Carounanidy Usha, Sathyanarayanan Rama Rao, Geena Mary George
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Puducherry, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Web Publication | 10-Apr-2018 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Introduction: Resin composite restorative materials can mimic the natural color and shade of the tooth. However, exogenous colorants from food and drinks can stain them due to adsorption. The influence of Indian food colorants and spices on resin composite restorations has not been evaluated extensively. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the staining capacity of microhybrid and nanohybrid resin-based composites, to saffron extract, tandoori powder, and turmeric powder. Subjects and Methods: Forty samples of microhybrid (Kulzer Charisma) and nanohybrid (3M Filtek Z350) resin composites were prepared using an acrylic template of dimension 5 mm × 3 mm. They were randomly divided into four groups and immersed into solutions of saffron extract, tandoori powder, and turmeric powder. Distilled water was used as the control group. Color values (L*, a*, b*) were measured by colorimeter using the CIE L*a*b* system before and after 72 h of immersion. Color differences ΔE*ab were statistically analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used: Two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey (honest significant difference) test were done using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Results and Discussion: All the immersion media changed the color of the resin composites to varying degrees. However, turmeric solution showed the maximum mean color variation ΔE*ab of 14.8 ± 2.57 in microhybrid resin composites and 16.8 ± 3.50 in nanohybrid resin composites. Conclusion: Microhybrid and nanohybrid resin composites tend to stain to Indian food colorants, especially to turmeric powder. Keywords: Colorimeter, color stability, microhybrid, nanohybrid, resin composite, spices, turmeric
How to cite this article:
Usha C, Rao SR, George GM. A comparative evaluation of the staining capacity of microhybrid and nanohybrid resin-based composite to indian spices and food colorants: An In vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:201-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Usha C, Rao SR, George GM. A comparative evaluation of the staining capacity of microhybrid and nanohybrid resin-based composite to indian spices and food colorants: An In vitro study. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 6];29:201-5. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2018/29/2/201/229626 |
| Introduction | |  |
Resin-based composite restorations require functional/biological as well as esthetic properties, such as good color matching and color stability.[1] A recent systematic review reported that anterior direct resin composites' restorations have a good longevity in long-term follow-up of 3+ years, with an annual failure rate of only 0%–4.1%. However, this review reports that one of the main reasons for failures of these restorations is unaesthetic appearance over a period. Color alterations, surface staining, and marginal discoloration are some of the esthetic failures.[2]
Many factors influence the color stability of the resin composites. Chemical interaction within the resin, water sorption, surface finish, and type of food colorants can cause color changes intrinsically and extrinsically.[3] Oxidation of the amine accelerator, oxidation in the structure of the polymer matrix, and unreacted monomers cause chemical discoloration which is intrinsic in nature. Hydrophilicity of the resin matrix contributes to the degree of water sorption into the resin matrix that leads to discoloration.[4] Exogenous colorants from food and beverages have been proven to discolor the resin composites by absorption and adsorption to the surface.[5] The compatibility of the colorant to resin matrix and the pH of the colorants are some influencing factors in this regard.[6]
Extrinsic surface staining is influenced by the surface finish and polishability which in turn is directly related to the type, content, and size of the filler particle.[7] Various modifications have been made in the filler particle size to obtain a good polishability and surface finish. Resin composites have been classified by Lutz and Phillips based on filler particle size, as macrofilled composites (particles from 0.1 to 100 μm), microfilled composites (0.04 μm particles), and hybrid composites (fillers of different sizes).[8] Hybrid composites combined the optical properties of the microfilled as well as the mechanical properties of the macrofilled composites. Furthermore, influence of nanotechnology in the dental materials has resulted in the development of nanocomposites. Nanohybrid composites are those that contain milled glass fillers and discrete nanoparticles (40–50 nm) as dispersed phase. They have been found to provide better mechanical strength and surface finish than hybrid composites.[9]
Numerous studies have been done on the effect of coffee, tea, red wine, and juices over different types of composite materials and differently processed composite restorations.[10],[11],[12],[13] Although these beverages are common for all cultures, it is worthwhile to study the ethnic differences in food and its influence on esthetic restorative materials. Especially the Indian cuisine is abundant with flavors and colors, where natural and artificial colorants as well as spices are added. Relatively lesser studies are available in the literature assessing the effect of these colorants and spices on the resin composites.
Among these studies, more focus had been on turmeric powder. The results show that turmeric has a greater tendency to stain the resin composites.[14],[15],[16],[17] Turmeric is fondly called in Indian cuisine as “kitchen queen,” and because of its taste and color, it is called as “Indian Saffron” in Europe. Apart from color and taste, it is mostly added in abundance in Indian cuisine for its inherent therapeutic properties also. The therapeutic activity is attributed to the content of curcumin/curcuminoids, a polyphenol, which also contributes to the yellow color of the spice.[18]
Paprika and tamarind that are widely used in other Asian foods have also been evaluated recently. Saffron is one of the most expensive spices but a widely used one in Indian foods for flavor and color.[19] Saffron is the dried elongated stigmas and styles of the blue-purple saffron flower Crocus sativus L. The color, taste, aroma, and medicinal properties can be attributed to the bioactive compounds in saffron, mainly the carotenoids. The hydrophilic carotenoid in saffron called as Crocin is deep red. It readily dissolves in water to form an orange-colored solution; thus, it is widely used as a natural food colorant.[19]
Synthetic, intense orange-red color is yet a colorant added to the tandoori (clay-oven) foods of India. Tandoori foods are cooked under direct fire in clay ovens, called as “tandoor,” used in Asian countries. The food cooked in this fashion usually uses strong red color to make it attractive. Natural food-coloring agents such as “annatto” seeds produce red-orange color to the tandoori foods. However, due to high cost and color stability, synthetic dyes have been favored over natural dyes globally. They are derived from petroleum or crude oil. As the health hazards of synthetic dyes are numerous, only six colors have been approved by the FDA. Red no: 40 (Allura red) and yellow no: 5 (tartrazine) and 6 (sunset yellow FCF) are used in commercial products to create food colors in this range.[20] No studies have been done so far on these colorants' effect on resin composites.
Thus, this study was conducted to assess the color stability of nanohybrid resin composites and hybrid resin composites to Indian food colorants and spices such as turmeric, saffron, and tandoori powder.
| Subjects and Methods | | |
Two resin composites of B2 shade used in this study are microhybrid resin composites (Charisma Smile, Universal light curing hybrid composite, Heraeus Kulzer, CE 0197, Lot-010105, Germany) and nanohybrid resin composites (Filtek Z350 XT, Universal restorative, 3M ESPE, CE 0123, Lot-1017 St. Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA). [Table 1] shows the details of the materials used. Twenty cylindrical samples in each of the resin composites were prepared using an acrylic template in a dimension 5 mm × 3 mm. To obtain a flat and smooth surface and to avoid air bubbles, the material was placed in the template that was sandwiched between two glass plates lined with mylar matrices. It was then cured with LED light source (L1330232, Gulin WoodPecker, London, UK) with a wavelength 1000 mW/cm 2 for 20 s on each side. The tip of the curing unit was placed directly over the glass plate that was 2 mm thick glass slide; thus, the distance between the light source and samples was standardized. The output of the curing units was checked with a radiometer, L. E. D Radiometer (Kerr Manufacturing Products). The prepared samples were then wet ground using 1000 grit silicon carbide abrasive on one side manually for 10 s in running tap water along one direction.[21] They were polished in a planar direction using Shofu Super-Snap Mini Kit composite polishing kit (Finishing and Polishing composite restorations PN 0505, CE 0044 SHOFU INC., Kyoto 605-0983, Japan) sequentially from coarse discs to fine discs, on the one side only. The samples were stored in distilled water before subjecting to baseline color value assessment using colorimeter (CIE Lab observer-10° illuminant D65, Premier Colorscan SS 5100 A, CLRI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India). As a blinding process, the samples were randomized using “free online random generator tool.”[22] The samples were positioned in the slot against white background in a colorimeter and the baseline l* a*b values were recorded. Colorimeter measures the amount of light reflected by the selected colors and the color measurements are based on the CIE lab system, developed by Commission Internationale d'Eclairage for characterizing colors based on human perception. A standard illuminant A against a white background was used in this.[23]
A 0.1% solution of turmeric, saffron, and tandoori powder was made with distilled water. The resin samples were immersed for 72 h in the test solutions and distilled water, which was used as the control (Group W – Water immersion [n = 5]; Group S – Saffron immersion [n = 5]; Group T – Tandoori color powder [n = 5]; Group TP – Turmeric powder [n = 5]). The solutions were changed every day and were agitated periodically. After 72 h of immersion, the samples were again tested in colorimeter to evaluate the changed color values. An average of three repeated readings was obtained from each sample.
The color difference (ΔE*ab) before and after immersion was calculated using the formula Δ E*ab = ([ΔL]2 + [a]2 + [b]2)1/2. Two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey (honest significant difference [HSD]) test were done using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, USA.
| Results | | |
[Table 2] shows the mean and standard deviation in the color difference before and 72 h after immersion in the test solutions. The mean Δ E*ab value obtained with turmeric solution for microhybrid composite and nanohybrid composite resin was the highest among all the solutions. It was 16.8 ± 3.50 and 14.7 ± 2.57, respectively. Resin samples immersed in saffron and orange-red synthetic color used in tandoori foods also showed color changes as that of distilled water group. [Table 3] shows the two tailed t test for intergroup comparison. There was no significant difference found with the immersion medium. [Table 4] and [Table 5] shows the two-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey test results. No significant difference was observed on the interaction between the resin types and the solutions at P = 0.208. Neither there was a significant difference between the composites in its capacity to be stained at P = 0.739. However, a significant difference was observed in the capacity of the solutions to stain both the composites at P < 0.01. This multiple comparison elicited that the color difference, ΔE*ab values observed in samples immersed in turmeric solution were statistically highly significant when compared to all the other solutions in both hybrid and nanohybrid resin samples. The ΔE*ab values for samples immersed in saffron and tandoori color solutions were not statistically different from the distilled water group or with each other. | Table 3: Two-tailed t-test for intergroup comparison between the composite resins for each immersion medium
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
The current study evaluated the ability of Indian spices and food colorants to stain the microhybrid and nanohybrid resin composites. The results of the study show that turmeric stained the resin composites more intensely than saffron and tandoori color powder. The color difference (ΔE) produced in the resin samples after immersion in turmeric solution for 72 h was much higher than the clinically acceptable level. The difference was also statistically significant compared to the other study solutions. This is in accordance with similar studies done with indigenous spices where turmeric was found to stain the resin-based composites more than tamarind, paprika, and tobacco.[16],[17]
In the current study, saffron also caused discoloration of both composites after 72 h of immersion, if not to the clinically unacceptable level, at least to clinically perceptible level. In nanohybrid samples, there was a color difference of ΔE as 1.20 after immersion for 72 h in solution of saffron. So far, no study has been done on this aspect of saffron on resin composites color stability.
A synthetic orange-red food color preparation that is commonly used for tandoori foods was tested. The results of the study show that this colored solution stained both the resin types more than the saffron solution. There are no similar studies yet with regard to this.
The reasons for the change in color of the composites tested in this study to various spices can be attributed to many variables: (1) characteristics of the colorant, (2) type of matrix in the resin, and (3) filler content and type in the resin.
Polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate are usually colored using dyes and pigments. Organic pigments such as azo pigments that are in the yellow, orange, and red color ranges are highly compatible with polymer.[24] Curcumin obtained from turmeric and carotenoids obtained from saffron are organic pigments. They are polyphenols, nonpolar in nature; thus, they are hydrophobic.[16] Studies have shown that colorant solutions such as coffee and tea that have high polarity first leach out and discolor the resin matrix. They stain the surface of the resin or penetrate the resin by means of absorption and adsorption.[25] However, as curcumin and carotenoids are polyphenols that are not polar, polarity of the substance might not be the mechanism behind discoloration with these compounds. Instead, it is possible that these colorants disperse into the resin matrix as separate phase and thus discolor the resin.[24] Among the two, carotenoids are observed to color the resin monomer to a lesser extent compared to curcumin. The reason for deep intense coloring of curcumin-containing turmeric is not well understood and is worthy of further exploration.
The presence of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) in the resin matrix has been attributed to be one of the causes for discoloration of the resin matrix. TEGDMA is a diluent monomer added to the bisphenol A diglycidyl dimethacrylate resin matrix. Due to its hydrophilicity, composites containing this monomer exhibit increased water sorption.[9] Both Filtek Z 350 (nanohybrid composites) and Kulzer Charisma (microhybrid composites) tested in this study contain TEGDMA in their composition, which can be attributed to their similar color stability to various aqueous immersion media.
Resin composites with small filler particles are assumed to provide best surface finish and gloss thus have more color stability. Therefore, nanocomposites with nanoparticle as fillers are expected to show better color stability. However, in this study, both the microhybrid and nanohybrid groups show similar color stability. This can be explained by the type and size of filler particles in both composites. Filtek Z 350, the nanohybrid in this study, contains a combination of individual 20 nm silica nanoparticles and zirconia/silica nanoclusters of particle size 0.6–1.4 μm. The Heraeus Kulzer Charisma the microhybrid tested is composed of X-ray opaque microglass of size 0.7 μm and highly dispersive silicon dioxide of size 0.01–0.07 μm. It is interesting to note that the nanocluster size in the nanohybrid and the microglass size in the microhybrid are similar, 0.6 and 0.7 μm, respectively. Thus, both particles are prone for dislodgment leaving the surface equally rough and susceptible to staining.[16]
This experimental study has not taken into consideration the color changes assessment at periodic interval. This assessment would have given an insight into the rate of discoloration of the resin composites to the stains. Studies have reported composites and stains to behave differently with time of immersion.[24] The real consumption, amount, and frequency of these spices may vary with food habits and culture. Especially the inclusion of saffron in cuisine is less frequent when compared to turmeric and tandoori color powder. Thus, standardization to 0.1% was done based on previous study.[16] For the same reasons, the results of this study may not be valid enough to apply to clinical situations. Further clinical evaluation is essential. In addition, immersions in static solutions do not represent the dynamic nature of the oral environment. Thus, aging process should be included in further studies along with standardizing the temperature and agitation. The pH of the solutions, which might have effect on the surface degradation of the composites, and polishing procedures, which might have effect on the stainability, were not included in the current study. With no available evidence on saffron and synthetic colors used in Indian cuisine, study of the above-mentioned variables is imperative to validate the evidence generated by the current investigation.
| Conclusion | | |
Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that Indian spices such as turmeric and saffron and tandoori powder have the capacity to stain the resin composites. There was no significant difference in the staining capacity of the microhybrid and nanohybrid resin composites to these colorants, despite the difference in the filler technology. Further study is required to correlate the other variables such as time, temperature, aging and pH, concentration of the staining solutions. Characterization of the staining elements in these spices and understanding the mechanism of discoloration are mandatory to ensure long-lasting esthetic restorations in the Indian context.
Financial support and sponsorship
The study was supported by Central Leather Research Institute, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Ilie N, Hickel R. Resin composite restorative materials. Aust Dent J 2011;56 Suppl 1:59-66.  [ PUBMED] |
| 2. | Demarco FF, Collares K, Coelho-de-Souza FH, Correa MB, Cenci MS, Moraes RR, et al. Anterior composite restorations: A systematic review on long-term survival and reasons for failure. Dent Mater 2015;31:1214-24. [ PUBMED] |
| 3. | Padiyar N, Kaurani P. Colour stability: An important physical property of esthetic restorative materials. Int J Clin Dent Sci 2010;1:81-4. |
| 4. | Barutcigil Ç, Yıldız M. Intrinsic and extrinsic discoloration of dimethacrylate and silorane based composites. J Dent 2012;40 Suppl 1:e57-63. |
| 5. | Tekçe N, Tuncer S, Demirci M, Serim ME, Baydemir C. The effect of different drinks on the color stability of different restorative materials after one month. Restor Dent Endod 2015;40:255-61. |
| 6. | Soares-Geraldo D, Scaramucci T, Steagall-Jr W, Braga SR, Sobral MA. Interaction between staining and degradation of a composite resin in contact with colored foods. Braz Oral Res 2011;25:369-75. |
| 7. | Marghalani HY. Effect of filler particles on surface roughness of experimental composite series. J Appl Oral Sci 2010;18:59-67. |
| 8. | Hervás-García A, Martínez-Lozano MA, Cabanes-Vila J, Barjau-Escribano A, Fos-Galve P. Composite resins. A review of the materials and clinical indications. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006;11:E215-20. |
| 9. | Sideridou ID, Karabela MM, Vouvoudi ECh. Physical properties of current dental nanohybrid and nanofill light-cured resin composites. Dent Mater 2011;27:598-607. |
| 10. | Ardu S, Duc O, Di Bella E, Krejci I. Color stability of recent composite resins. Odontology 2017;105:29-35. |
| 11. | Arocha MA, Basilio J, Llopis J, Di Bella E, Roig M, Ardu S, et al. Colour stainability of indirect CAD-CAM processed composites vs. Conventionally laboratory processed composites after immersion in staining solutions. J Dent 2014;42:831-8. |
| 12. | Arocha MA, Mayoral JR, Lefever D, Mercade M, Basilio J, Roig M, et al. Color stability of siloranes versus methacrylate-based composites after immersion in staining solutions. Clin Oral Investig 2013;17:1481-7. |
| 13. | Stawarczyk B, Sener B, Trottmann A, Roos M, Ozcan M, Hämmerle CH, et al. Discoloration of manually fabricated resins and industrially fabricated CAD/CAM blocks versus glass-ceramic: Effect of storage media, duration, and subsequent polishing. Dent Mater J 2012;31:377-83. |
| 14. | Gupta G, Gupta T. Evaluation of the effect of various beverages and food material on the color stability of provisional materials - An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2011;14:287-92. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 15. | Stober T, Gilde H, Lenz P. Color stability of highly filled composite resin materials for facings. Dent Mater 2001;17:87-94. |
| 16. | Yew HZ, Berekally TL, Richards LC. A laboratory investigation of colour changes in two contemporary resin composites on exposure to spices. Aust Dent J 2013;58:468-77. |
| 17. | Malhotra N, Shenoy RP, Acharya S, Shenoy R, Mayya S. Effect of three indigenous food stains on resin-based, microhybrid-, and nanocomposites. J Esthet Restor Dent 2011;23:250-7. |
| 18. | Rathaur JP, Raja W, Ramteke PW, John SA. Turmeric: The golden spice of life. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012;3:1987-94. |
| 19. | Melnyk JP, Wang S, Marcone MF. Chemical and biological properties of the world's most expensive spice: Saffron. Food Res Int 2010;43:1981-9. |
| 20. | |
| 21. | Celik C, Yuzugullu B, Erkut S, Yamanel K. Effects of mouth rinses on color stability of resin composites. Eur J Dent 2008;2:247-53. |
| 22. | |
| 23. | Malekipour MR, Sharafi A, Kazemi S, Khazaei S, Shirani F. Comparison of color stability of a composite resin in different color media. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012;9:441-6. |
| 24. | Marzec A. The Effect of Dyes, Pigments and Ionic Liquids on the Properties of Elastomer Composites. Lyon: Université Claude Bernard; 2014. p. 1-175. |
| 25. | Um CM, Ruyter IE. Staining of resin-based veneering materials with coffee and tea. Quintessence Int 1991;22:377-86. |
Correspondence Address:
Prof. Carounanidy Usha
107, Perumal Koil Street, Puducherry - 605 001
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_764_16
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Evaluation of Color Stability of Composite Resin Used to Characterize Acrylic Teeth—An In Vitro Study |
|
| Saadath Afzaa S. Ahamed, Syed Ahmed Raheel, Mohammed B. Ajmal, Manpreet Kaur, Nasser M. Alqahtani, Robina Tasleem, Ghadah Khaled Bahamdan, Mayur Hegde, Shaeesta Khaleelahmed Bhavikatti | | Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(3): 1498 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Staining susceptibility of dental composite resins with various nano-filler technologies |
|
| Sakshi SACHDEVA, Subhashish DAS, Aasadur MIDDAY, Manuel THOMAS, Prashanthi MADHYASTHA | | Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Color stability of resin-based composites: Staining procedures with liquids—A narrative review |
|
| Gaetano Paolone, Sara Formiga, Francesca De Palma, Luca Abbruzzese, Luca Chirico, Salvatore Scolavino, Cecilia Goracci, Giuseppe Cantatore, Alessandro Vichi | | Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Whitening efficacy of popular natural products on dental enamel |
|
| Carla Roberta de Oliveira Maciel, Ayodele Alves Amorim, Rebeca Franco de Lima Oliveira, Rocio Geng Vivanco, Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza | | Brazilian Dental Journal. 2022; 33(3): 55 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
DISCOLORATION OF NANOHYBRID AND NANOFILLER RESIN COMPOSITES AFTER EXPOSURE TO TURMERIC |
|
| Yasmin Safira Virgiani, Adioro Soetojo, Nanik Zubaidah | | Conservative Dentistry Journal. 2021; 11(1): 46 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
In-Vitro Effect of Alcohol and Non-Alcohol Mouthwash on Color Change of Two Types of Bleach Shade Composite |
|
| N Nasoohi, M Hadian, M hoorizad, SS Hashemi, SH Naziri saeed | | Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences. 2019; 4(2): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Comparative Evaluation of Color Stability of Nanohybrid Direct and Indirect Resin-based Composites to Indian Spices: An In Vitro Study |
|
| Limly Bal Thaliyadeth, Dhanavel Chakravarthy, Padmaraj Santhanamurthy Neelamurthy, Vijayaraja Selvapandiane, Ambily Jayadevan, Nandini Dimple | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2019; 20(9): 1071 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Effect of Tooth-whitening Procedures on Stained Nanohybrid Composites: Spectrophotometric Analysis
|
|
| Sinju Paul, Sruthi M Sunildath, Dhanya John | | Conservative Dentistry and Endodontic Journal. 2019; 4(2): 25 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 9464 | | | Printed | 487 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 196 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 8 | | |
|
|
Users online:
