| |
|
|
| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 28
| Issue : 2 | Page : 151-155 |
|
| Comparative evaluation of Mangifera indica leaf mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary streptococcal growth |
|
|
Sham S Bhat1, K Sundeep Hegde2, Chinchu Mathew1, S Vidya Bhat3, M Shyamjith4
1 Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Paedodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Prosthodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
4 Department of Pharmacology, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Web Publication | 12-Jun-2017 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Aims: This study aims to compare the efficacy of a mango (Mangifera indica) leaf mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque status, gingival status, and salivary Streptococcus mutans count. Materials and Methods: A sample of twenty children, aged 8–14 years, Mangalore Residential School, Karnataka, India, was allocated into two groups. Group A (10) and Group B (10) were given test mouthwash “mango leaf mouthwash” and chlorhexidine, respectively. The clinical trial was carried out for ½ h after rinsing and after 5 days, during which children were asked to rinse once daily, with 10 ml of the given mouthwash ½ h after tooth brushing. Results: There was a significant reduction in microbial count, improved plaque control and gingival health in mango leaf and chlorhexidine mouthwash groups with higher reduction in microbial count, and better plaque control and gingival health seen in chlorhexidine group. Conclusion: Herbal alternatives proved to be an effective and safe alternative to conventional modes of treatment.
Keywords: Chlorhexidine, gingival status, herbal mouthwash, plaque status, Streptococcus mutans
How to cite this article:
Bhat SS, Hegde K S, Mathew C, Bhat S V, Shyamjith M. Comparative evaluation of Mangifera indica leaf mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary streptococcal growth. Indian J Dent Res 2017;28:151-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Bhat SS, Hegde K S, Mathew C, Bhat S V, Shyamjith M. Comparative evaluation of Mangifera indica leaf mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary streptococcal growth. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 25];28:151-5. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2017/28/2/151/207794 |
| Introduction | |  |
With the exponential advancement in the field of dentistry, various preventive measures have emerged targeting the causative factors of the oral diseases.[1] Plaque accumulation is one such factor which predisposes the individual to both dental caries and periodontal disease.[2],[3],[4] Salivary microflora such as Streptococcus mutans and other predisposing factors play an important role in the initiation and progression of dental diseases such as dental caries.[5],[6] Chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial agents aiming at these predisposing factors, therefore, play a significant role in the prevention of these oral diseases and have a dramatic impact on improving the oral health of the individual.[7]
Among the plethora of oral hygiene products available, chlorhexidine has been the mouthwash of choice owing to its dramatic therapeutic effect, but its various side effects such as taste alteration, supragingival calculus formation, and desquamation of oral mucosa have restricted its usage in pediatric age group.[4],[8] It also causes extrinsic staining by attaching to the polyphenolic and tannin group of beverages such as tea and coffee. Alternative agents based on herbal extracts are therefore of particular interest.
Mangifera indica (mango) leaf has various biomedical applications including antioxidative or free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation, anti-allergic cardioprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, analgesic, and immune modulator activities. It is a rich source of various biologically active compounds. Phytochemical studies of different parts of M. indica have demonstrated the presence of phenol constituents, triterpenes, flavonoids, phytosterols, and polyphenols.[9] The decoction of the leaves functions as anthelmintics and can also be used to gargle in the prevention of halitosis. It has been reported that an ethanolic extract of mango seed kernel possessed an antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria.[10]
Therefore, this study aims to clinically evaluate the effect of herbal mouthwash prepared from M. indica leaves with chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque accumulation, gingival health, and salivary Streptococcus count.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Children aged 8–14 years in Mangalore Residential School, Karnataka, were allocated into two groups. The entire sample size of 20 was randomly divided into Group A: (ten individuals) who were given herbal mouthwash prepared from mango leaves and Group B: (ten individuals) who were given chlorhexidine and served as control.
Individuals with good general health, a minimum of 12 gradable teeth, agreement to delay any elective dental treatment including oral prophylaxis, and agreement to comply with the study visits were included in the study. Exclusion criteria involved individuals with relevant medical condition, history of early-onset periodontitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, gross oral pathology, history of steroid or antimicrobial therapy in the last 3 months and those developing severe gingival inflammation during the study.
The clinical trial was carried out for ½ h after rinsing and after 5 days, during which children were asked to rinse once daily, with 10 ml of the given mouthwash ½ h after tooth brushing.
For the preparation of herbal mouthwash, the collected plant's leaves were washed with tap water, followed by distilled water and shade dried [Figure 1]. The dried samples were made into a coarse powder [Figure 2]. Around 500 g of M. indica coarse powder was used for preparing the 90% ethanolic extracts in Soxhlet apparatus [Figure 3].
After 48 h of extraction, the ethanol was removed by Rotavapor apparatus [Figure 4]. The semisolid paste, which was obtained after removal of ethanol, was constituted in sterile double distilled water. Sweetening agent (20%) was added to obtain the final mouthwash [Figure 5].[11]
Plaque index given by Silness and Loe and gingival index given by Loe were used to assess the plaque accumulation and gingivitis. To assess the effect of mouthwashes on caries susceptibility, S. mutans, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius in the saliva were counted and compared.
For this, children were asked to rinse once daily with 10 ml of given mouthwash ½ h after brushing, for a clinical trial period of 5 days. 0.5 mL of the unstimulated saliva was collected in closed containers just before the usage of mouthwashes, after ½ h, and at the end of clinical trial period of 5 days. The collected saliva was incubated within 30 min to avoid use of any transportation media. Culture media used were mitis salivarius agar which is a selective medium of S. mutans, S. mitis, and S. salivarius.[12] 0.004 ml of sample was inoculated into agar and culture plates were incubated at 37°C for 72 h and the microbial count was done. Baseline data were collected just before the usage of mouthwashes and then after ½ h after rinsing, and the final value was collected at the end of clinical trial period of 5 days.[12]
| Results | | |
There was a significant reduction in microbial count and improved plaque control and gingival health in both groups, but with higher reduction in microbial count, better improvement in plaque control and gingival health was seen in chlorhexidine group.
Results of all the three parameters, plaque status, gingival status, and Streptococcus count, have been depicted in [Table 1].
There was significant difference in all the parameters. Chlorhexidine showed higher difference in Streptococcus count and higher difference in plaque and gingival values than mango leaf mouthwash after ½ h and after 5 days of usage of mouthwashes. Higher reduction in streptococcal count, better plaque control, and improved gingival health were seen in chlorhexidine group.
There was significant difference in Streptococcus count in both groups, but higher difference in count was seen in chlorhexidine group, ½ h and 5 days after rinsing with mouthwash [Graph 1].
Chlorhexidine showed higher difference in Streptococcus count than mango leaf mouthwash when Streptococcus level in saliva was counted and compared just before, after ½ h, and after 5 days of usage of mouthwashes [Graph 2].
There was significant reduction in Streptococcus count, after ½ h and after 5 days usage of mouthwash for both groups, but with increased difference in reduction seen after 5 days for chlorhexidine group.
Chlorhexidine shows higher difference in plaque and gingival values than mango leaf mouthwash after ½ h and after 5 days of usage of mouthwashes [Graph 3], so better plaque control and improved gingival health were seen in chlorhexidine group.
| Discussion | | |
The present study was designed to determine the efficacy of an herbal mouth rinse with M. indica leaves with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival health, and streptococcal count.
All the individuals taken for the study were residing in the same residential school, thereby eliminating the bias occurring due to different eating patterns. Results show that the chlorhexidine mouthwash had better antimicrobial effect on salivary Streptococcus and effect on plaque control and gingival health than mouthwash with M. indica leaves.
Chlorhexidine is a cationic bisbiguanide with excellent antimicrobial action. It is active against a wide range of microorganisms because it is bacteriostatic at low concentrations and bactericidal at higher concentrations. However, it was found to be highly cytotoxic to human periodontal ligament cells by inhibiting double-stranded nucleic acid content, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity. An in vitro study done by Arabaci et al. showed that they also have genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on human lymphocytes.[13]
Similarly, the study conducted by Park et al. showed that the treatment with chlorhexidine decreased the viability of the cell growth. The stem cells derived from the buccal fat pad were sensitive to chlorhexidine and a reduction in cellular viability was observed.[14]
M. indica leaves can be used to gargle in the prevention of halitosis. Mangiferin is a phenolic compound, which possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. It also demonstrated promising therapeutic potential both in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis. In a study done by Ling and Yap, a standardized aqueous extract from the leaves of M. indica was reported to contain anti-inflammatory activity.[15] Another study done by Maisuthisakul mouthwash containing mango kernel exhibited inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and S. mutans and also showed inflammatory inhibitory properties.[16]
In our study, there was a definitive reduction in oral salivary microbial population, reduction in plaque growth, and improved gingival health by the usage 2% of M. indica mouthwash when exposed for 5 days. Since there is no evidence for severe adverse effects by the use of mango leaf mouthwash, they may be less harmful for patients compared to usage of antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine.
| Conclusion | | |
Both the mango leaf mouthwash (2%) and chlorhexidine mouthwash (0.12%) were effective against salivary microbial population, plaque inhibition, and improved gingival health. Chlorhexidine mouthwash showed higher efficacy than mango leaf mouthwash. However, mango leaf mouthwash has antimicrobial activity with no side effects such as dental staining and other cytotoxic effects when compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash. Hence, M. indica mouthwash can be a promising alternative for the patients. Further clinical investigations are needed for standardization and preparation of mango leaves containing toothpaste and mouthwashes for the prevention of oral microbial diseases.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Bhaskaran Nair (Associate Prof., Department of Microbiology) for helping us by providing technical support throughout this study.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Carounanidy U, Satyanarayanan R, Velmurugan A. Use of an aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anticaries agent: A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res 2007;18:152-6.  [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 2. | Rasooli I, Shayegh S, Astaneh S. The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm. Int J Dent Hyg 2009;7:196-203. [ PUBMED] |
| 3. | Mullally BH, James JA, Coulter WA, Linden GJ. The efficacy of a herbal-based toothpaste on the control of plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1995;22:686-9. [ PUBMED] |
| 4. | Pourabbas R, Delazar A, Chitsaz MT. The effect of German chamomile mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Int J Pharm Res 2005;2:105-9. |
| 5. | Agarwal P, Nagesh L. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of Tulsi ( Ocimum sanctum) extract against Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2010;21:357-9. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 6. | Vyas YK, Bhatnagar M, Sharma K. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of an herbal dentifrice against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19:26-8. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 7. | Allaker RP, Douglas CW. Novel anti-microbial therapies for dental plaque-related diseases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;33:8-13. |
| 8. | Eley BM. Antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque – A review. Br Dent J 1999;186:286-96. [ PUBMED] |
| 9. | Kawpoomhae K, Sukma M. Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of standardized extracts of Mangifera indica leaf. Thai J Pharm Sci 2010;34:32-43. |
| 10. | Wi WN, Fathilah AR. Plant extracts of Psidium guajava, Mangifera and Mentha sp. inhibit the growth of single-species oral biofilm. Altern Integr Med 2013;22:102. |
| 11. | Geethashri A, Manikandan R. Comparative evaluation of biofilm suppression by plant extracts on oral pathogenic bacteria. J Appl Pharm Sci 2014;03:20-3. |
| 12. | Mehta S, Pesapathy S, Joseph M, Tiwari PK, Chawla S. Comparative evaluation of a herbal mouthwash (Freshol) with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary Streptococcus mutans growth. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2013;3:25-8. |
| 13. | Arabaci T, Türkez H, Çanakçi CF, Özgöz M. Assessment of cytogenetic and cytotoxic effects of chlorhexidine digluconate on cultured human lymphocytes. Acta Odontol Scand 2013;71:1255-60. |
| 14. | Park JB, Lee G, Yun BG, Kim CH, Ko Y. Comparative effects of chlorhexidine and essential oils containing mouth rinse on stem cells cultured on a titanium surface. Mol Med Rep 2014;9:1249-53. |
| 15. | Ling LT, Yap SA. Standardised Mangifera indica extract is an ideal antioxidant. Food Chem 2009;113:1154-9. |
| 16. | Maisuthisakul P. Kinetic of mouthwash containing Mango seed kernel extract Phenolics change. Agricultural Sci J 2013;44:477-80. |
Correspondence Address:
Sham S Bhat
Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_583_15
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of nonalcoholic extracts of crude coconut shell oil, orange peel, and mango leaf with that of xylitol on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: An in vitro study |
|
| Joby Peter, RKrishna Kumar, S Vijai, Melvin Augustin, MS Anaswara, Ambili Ajaykumar | | International Journal of Preventive and Clinical Dental Research. 2022; 9(2): 37 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Herbal and Chemical Mouthwashes in Pediatric Population: A Scoping Review |
|
| Sumidha Bansal, Urvashi Sharma, Archna Agnihotri, Antervir Kaur | | Journal of South Asian Association of Pediatric Dentistry. 2021; 4(2): 155 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Assessment and evaluation of the effect of neem and mango mouthrinses on S. mutans count in vitro and in children |
|
| Nikita V. Dandekar, J. Jasmin Winnier | | Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2021; 29: 100469 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Efficacy of natural antimicrobials derived from phenolic compounds in the control of biofilm in children and adolescents compared to synthetic antimicrobials: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Mariana Leonel Martins, Mariana Batista Ribeiro-Lages, Daniele Masterson, Marcela Baraúno Magno, Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti, Lucianne Cople Maia, Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves | | Archives of Oral Biology. 2020; 118: 104844 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies |
|
| Ehsan Tafazoli Moghadam, Mohsen Yazdanian, Elahe Tahmasebi, Hamid Tebyanian, Reza Ranjbar, Alireza Yazdanian, Alexander Seifalian, Ali Tafazoli | | European Journal of Pharmacology. 2020; 889: 173665 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
The efficacy of asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum resin) versus chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis: A randomized double-blind controlled trial |
|
| Monire Seyed Hashemi,Mohammad Hashem Hashempur,Mohammad Hassan Lotfi,Habib Hemat,Zohre Mousavi,Majid Emtiazy,Farzane Vaziri | | European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2019; 29: 100929 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
The efficacy of asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum resin) versus chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis: A randomized double-blind controlled trial |
|
| Monire Seyed Hashemi,Mohammad Hashem Hashempur,Mohammad Hassan Lotfi,Habib Hemat,Zohre Mousavi,Majid Emtiazy,Farzane Vaziri | | European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2019; 29: 100929 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 10726 | | | Printed | 624 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 303 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 7 | | |
|
|
Users online:
