Indian Journal of Dental ResearchIndian Journal of Dental ResearchIndian Journal of Dental Research
HOME | ABOUT US | EDITORIAL BOARD | AHEAD OF PRINT | CURRENT ISSUE | ARCHIVES | INSTRUCTIONS | SUBSCRIBE | ADVERTISE | CONTACT
Indian Journal of Dental Research   Login   |  Users online:

Home Bookmark this page Print this page Email this page Small font sizeDefault font size Increase font size         

 


 
Table of Contents   
CASE REPORT  
Year : 2015  |  Volume : 26  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 90-95
Analysis of the rate of maturogenesis of a traumatized Cvek's stage 3 anterior tooth treated with platelet-rich fibrin as a regenerative tool using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography: An original case report


1 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Dilsukhnagar, Telangana, India
2 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Dilsukhnagar, Telangana, India

Click here for correspondence address and email

Date of Submission31-Dec-2014
Date of Decision18-Feb-2015
Date of Acceptance18-Feb-2015
Date of Web Publication11-May-2015
 

   Abstract 

Regenerative endodontic procedures are biologically based procedures which deal with the regeneration of pulp-like tissue, more idealistically the pulp-dentin complex. The regeneration of this pulp-dentin complex in an infected necrotic tooth with an open apex is possible only when the canal is effectively disinfected. Though there are various procedures for treating open apex ranging from Ca(OH) 2 apexification, mineral trioxide aggregate apexification and surgical approach, regeneration of tissues has always taken superior hand over the repair of tissues. The mechanics behind the regenerative endodontic procedures is that despite the tooth being necrotic, some pulp tissue can survive apically which under favorable conditions proliferate to aid in the process of regeneration. In the past 2 decades, an increased understanding of the physiological roles of platelets in wound healing and after tissue injury has led to the idea of using platelets as therapeutic tools in the field regenerative endodontics. In the present case report with an open apex, high sterilization protocol is followed using triple antibiotic paste as intra-canal medicament, followed which platelet rich fibrin is used as the regenerative material of choice. Over an 18-month follow-up period, clinically patient is asymptomatic and radiographically there is complete regression of the periapical lesion and initiation of the root end closure.

Keywords: Dental trauma, maturogenesis, open apex, platelet rich fibrin, regeneration, triple antibiotic paste

How to cite this article:
Solomon RV, Faizuddin U, Guniganti SS, Waghray S. Analysis of the rate of maturogenesis of a traumatized Cvek's stage 3 anterior tooth treated with platelet-rich fibrin as a regenerative tool using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography: An original case report. Indian J Dent Res 2015;26:90-5

How to cite this URL:
Solomon RV, Faizuddin U, Guniganti SS, Waghray S. Analysis of the rate of maturogenesis of a traumatized Cvek's stage 3 anterior tooth treated with platelet-rich fibrin as a regenerative tool using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography: An original case report. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Oct 4];26:90-5. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2015/26/1/90/156823
Trauma whether major or a minor one, always leaves an impact. Dental trauma has always been one of the most common reasons for seeking dental care and which requires immediate treatment both pathologically and psychologically. Trauma to the anterior teeth accounts for one-third of all traumatic injuries in boys and one-fourth of all injuries in girls. Most dental injuries occur between 8 and 12 years of age. [1] This is the period during which the root development will be taking place and any trauma during this period would hamper the root development, resulting in immature open apex with thin dentinal walls.

There are various treatment options for treating immature nonvital teeth, which includes: Surgical endodontics, apexification, and regenerative endodontics. Though surgical approach can be used, it has many disadvantages like: It is an invasive procedure, which results in an altered crown root ratio, leading to psychological distress, with possible surgical complications and increased cost of treatment. [ 1]

The next and the most common treatment option for open apex is apexification, which is a method to induce development of the root apex of an immature pulpless tooth by formation of osteocementum/bone-like tissue. Ca (OH) 2 apexification is the oldest method which was first introduced by Kaiser in 1964. The main drawbacks with this procedure are, it is time-consuming (6-24 months), makes tooth brittle, and its high pH is known to be toxic to vital cells and prevents migration of multipotent undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into the canal. [2],[3]

In order to overcome disadvantages of calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is used for this procedure which is a biocompatible material that sets in the presence of moisture, has a good sealing ability and the procedure can be completed in single visit. [4] Regardless of the material used, apexification procedure only forms apical bridge and does not strengthen the remaining tooth structure. Alternatively, regenerative treatment procedures are potential regimes which help in the natural development of the tooth rather than the repair.

Earlier attempts were made in this direction by use of graft materials for healing of periapical region. But, now regeneration of tissues rather than a replacement with an artificial substitute is an emerging and exciting field in the health sciences. Regenerative endodontics has been defined as biologically based procedures designed to replace damaged structures such as dentin, root structures, and cells of the pulp-dentin complex. This paper describes a case of tissue regeneration with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in an immature nonvital tooth after thorough disinfection protocol.


   Case report Top


A 15-year-old male patient reported to the department with the chief complaint of broken upper front tooth. His medical history is noncontributory, with a history of trauma 5 years back. On clinical examination, there was a discolored Ellis Class IV fracture of the upper front toot [Figure 1], which was tender on palpation. Radiographic examination revealed open apex which was 3 mm wide with thin dentinal walls and large periapical radiolucency with an impacted mesiodens between two central incisors [Figure 2]. Pulp sensitivity tests gave a negative response of 12, 11, and 21. The various treatment options for this particular scenario include - surgical approach, apexification, and regenerative endodontics. All the procedures were explained to the patient, and informed consent was obtained for use of regenerative procedures.
Figure 1: Pre-operative clinical photograph of 11 with Ellis Class III fracture

Click here to view
Figure 2: Pre-operative radiovisuography of 11 with wide open apex and periapical pathology

Click here to view


Initially, access cavity preparation was done under rubber dam isolation followed by working length determination using ingles method which was about 21 mm and a minimal biomechanical preparation was done using hand K-files (Mani, Japan). Then, after thorough irrigation with saline, 0.5% NaoCl and 2% chlorhexidine, canal was packed with triple antibiotic paste (TAP) mixed with propylene glycol and macrogol [Figure 3] and [Figure 4]. Individually, these tablets are crushed after removing the sugar coatings and then they are taken in 1:1:1 ratio which is mixed with 1:1 ratio of propylene glycol and macrogol till the creamy consistency is obtained. This was packed using lentulospirals below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and coronal seal done with cavit. After a period of 21 days, patient was recalled and under rubber dam isolation TAP was flushed out with saline and thoroughly irrigated.
Figure 3: Dispensing of ciprofloxacin 500 mg, minocycline 50 mg and metronidazole 400 mg on a glass slab

Click here to view
Figure 4: Digital radiovisuography image at the end of 21 day period of disinfection of 11 with triple antibiotic paste

Click here to view


Ten milliliter of blood was withdrawn from the medial cubital vein of the patient [Figure 5] and was immediately centrifuged without the addition of anticoagulants at the speed of 2800 rpm for 10 min [Figure 6]. After the centrifugation, blood was segregated into three layers, the bottom layer red blood cells (RBCs), the middle layer PRF and the top layer being acellular plasma [Figure 7] and [Figure 8]. Plasma was discarded; PRF was removed and placed into the canal with the help of hand pluggers [Figure 9]. Over PRF, 3 mm of white MTA plug was placed and closed with moist cotton and cavit. Patient was recalled after 3 days and coronally double sealed with glass ionomer cement (GIC) and composite [Figure 10].
Figure 5: Withdrawal of 10 ml of blood from left median cubital vein

Click here to view
Figure 6: Remi Mini centrifugal machine (C - 852), Remi Elektrotechnik Ltd., Vasai, Maharashtra, India

Click here to view
Figure 7: After centrifugation, blood segregated into three layers. Bottom being red blood corpuscules, middle platelet-rich fibrin, and top acellular plasma

Click here to view
Figure 8: Removal of platelet rich fibrin gel with straight tweezer

Click here to view
Figure 9: Carrying of platelet rich fibrin gel for placement into the canal

Click here to view
Figure 10: Digital radiovisuography verification after double coronal seal in 11

Click here to view


Patient was clinically and radiographically evaluated every 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 18 months [Figure 11] and [Figure 12]. As regular radiovisuographs (RVG) is only two-dimensional (2D) imaging, in order to confirm the results cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was taken after 18 months [Figure 13] and [Figure 14]. When the results were analyzed, there was complete regression of periapical lesion and initiation of the root end closure indicating the success of the procedure.
Figure 11: Digital radiovisuography image at 1 month period follow-up

Click here to view
Figure 12: Digital radiovisuography image at 18 month follow-up period

Click here to view
Figure 13: Sagittal section evaluation of cone-beam computed tomography

Click here to view
Figure 14: Three-dimensional view of cone-beam computed tomography

Click here to view



   Discussion Top


Open apex cases pose a challenge to dentists, because of the presence of large apical foramen, thin dentinal walls and occasionally associated with periapical lesion. In this scenario, there is a paradigm shift from repair of tissues to regeneration. The three key elements for the regeneration of any tissue are scaffolds, cells, and signaling molecules. The term used to describe root development mainly because of the regeneration of tissue in the pulp canal space is maturogenesis.

Revascularization is one of the earliest procedures, first introduced by Ostby in 1961. Where, intentionally bleeding is induced into the canal space by instrumenting the canal beyond the working length. But, the major limitations are that it causes discomfort for the patient while mechanically irritating the periapical tissues and in certain situations where bleeding cannot be induced this procedure cannot be used.

Platelet concentrates are another type of regenerative therapy which is used. They are basically two types: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) which is a first-generation platelet concentrate and PRF, which is a second generation platelet concentrate. The significance of platelets is that they have a fundamental role in hemostasis and are a natural source of growth factors. It is a simple strategy to concentrate platelets or enrich natural blood clot, which forms in normal surgical wounds, to initiate a more rapid and complete healing process. Natural blood clot has about 95% RBC, 5% platelets, <1% white blood cell (WBC) whereas platelet concentrate has 4% RBC, 95% platelets, 1% WBC. [5]

The present case had a wide open apex which can be classified to be at Cvek's stage 3. [6] The reason why we have chosen PRF over PRP is that, PRF preparation is a very simple and an easy procedure which does not require biochemical handling of blood, it consists of many growth factors like platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor β, platelet-derived angiogenesis factor, insulin-like growth factor. It causes a slow release of growth factors with peak release at 14 days, this slow polymerization procedure results in a trimolecular/equilateral fibrin matrix which is similar to natural collagen matrix and most important is that it is an autologous material as there is no addition of external anticoagulants, which is required in PRP preparation. [7] PRF does not dissolve quickly after application; it causes proliferation of human dental pulp cells and increases the protein expression of osteoprotegrin and alkaline phosphatase. [8]

In recent years, the concept of lesion sterilization and tissue repair therapy has been developed, that employed a mixture of antibacterial drugs for disinfection. [9] Disinfection is one of the key steps in any regenerative procedures undertaken.

In a matured tooth disinfection is carried out by instrumentation, irrigation, and intra-canal medicament. In case of immature teeth with open apex major disinfection is carried out by intra-canal medicament. The infection of the root canal system is considered to be a polymicrobial infection, consisting of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. More likely a combination would be needed to address the diverse flora encountered. A combination of antibiotics would also decrease the likelihood of the development of resistant bacterial strains. [10]

Hence, we have chosen TAP as the intra-canal medicament introduced by Hashimo, which is a combination of ciprofloxacin 500 mg, metronidazole 400 mg, and minocycline 50 mg. Ciprofloxacin, a synthetic fluoroquinolone, has a bactericidal action, potent against Gram-positive pathogens. [11] Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole compound that exhibits broad spectrum activity against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria, which is bactericidal. In addition, metronidazole and ciprofloxacin can generate fibroblasts. Minocycline is bacteriostatic, has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Tetracycline is biocompatible, inhibits collagenases and matrix metalloproteinase.

As minocycline has the potential of staining, the pulp chamber is coated with the bonding agent and also the TAP is placed below the CEJ, which rendered the tooth free of staining. The liquid component propylene glycol and macrogol were used for diffusion of the medicament. [12] It is been shown in a study that TAP rendered 70% of the root canals bacteria free after 2 weeks. [10]

We have chosen local application of drugs over systemic administration because, for systemic use of drugs proper blood circulation is very important, which is not the case for the teeth with necrotic pulps where the blood circulation is compromised. Hence, local administration of drugs is preferred. [13]

It is important to create a bacteria tight seal coronally to inhibit bacterial invasion into the pulp space before regeneration of tissues take place. [14] In this particular case, we have double sealed with Type II GIC and Composite in order to provide an impervious seal for bacteria and any other contaminants of the oral cavity.

There is always a debate whether a mesiodens has to be retained or removed. There are certain situations where the mesiodens are deliberately retained: In cases where patients are asymptomatic and when the root development is incomplete. [15] Here, in this case, mesiodens is left behind as the patient is asymptomatic, and the root development of 11 is not yet finished. Patient is kept under observation till the root development is completed and periodically evaluated.

According to investigators, the kind of tissue which is expected in this particular procedure can be: (1) Revascularization of the pulp with accelerated dentin formation leading to pulp canal obliteration, (2) Ingrowth of cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL), (3) Ingrowth of cementum, PDL, and bone, (4) Ingrowth of bone and bone marrow. [16]

According to another set of authors, the kind of tissue anticipated is intra-canal cementum, intra-canal bone, connective tissue similar to PDL and in one case, there is survival of pulp tissue. [6] The research is still ongoing in this area to standardize the type of tissue formed.

The success of the procedure is gauged both clinically and radiographically. Clinically, patient was asymptomatic at all the periodic evaluations. Radiographs showed continued thickening of the dentinal walls and regression of the periapical lesion.

As the radiographs are the 2D imaging of a three-dimensional (3D) object, in order to confirm and standardize the results, we have taken CBCT. In the CBCT, the 3D reconstruction of the image showed complete healing of the periapical lesion, where the score of 0 can be given according to the CBCT periapical index scoring. [17] In the sagittal section, when each slice of 11 is observed, there is perfect initiation of the root apex, indicating the successful execution of the procedure.


   Conclusion Top


In lieu of the advances in science and technology, it is important to adapt to newer exciting possibilities of regeneration of tissues within the pulp space and further induction of root development in immature traumatized teeth. Regenerative modalities with PRF definitely stand as an alternative to routine conventional root canal procedures. Taking into consideration the age, oral hygiene status, patient motivation, and compliance, we have attempted regenerative therapy over conventional procedures for the management of an immature necrotic tooth. Furthermore, the sacred tenets for successful regenerative procedures which include - proper case selection, strict sterilization protocol, appropriate choice of regenerative material, and a bacterial tight seal have been judiciously performed to achieve a predictable outcome. The case under observation was systematically followed-up at timely intervals of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 month period where, the patient was subjected to clinical and radiological evaluation. In the current case, due to the thin radicular dentinal walls the success of the procedure could not be accurately analyzed using 2D imaging, hence, a CBCT imaging technique was performed to better analyze and confirm the results of the treatment. The CBCT scan revealed a dense bone fill in the periapical region with a 3D closure evident which was further confirmed using reconstructive 3D CBCT technology. This provided upper hand information on lesion resolution and root end closure which was not evident in the 2D imaging techniques like intraoral peripaical RVG. However, further evidence-based clinical trials with longer follow-up periods are required to establish the success of clinical cases treated with regenerative techniques.

 
   References Top

1.
Shah N, Logani A, Bhaskar U, Aggarwal V. Efficacy of revascularization to induce apexification/apexogensis in infected, nonvital, immature teeth: A pilot clinical study. J Endod 2008;34:919-25.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Kaiser JH. Management of Wide-Open Canals with Calcium Hydroxide. Paper Presented at the Meeting of the American Association of Endodontics, Washington, DC; April 17, 1964. Cited by Steiner JC, Dow PR, Cathey GM. Inducing root end closure of nonvital permanent teeth. J Dent Child 1968;35:47-54.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Mishra N, Narang I, Mittal N. Platelet-rich fibrin-mediated revitalization of immature necrotic tooth. Contemp Clin Dent 2013;4:412-5.  Back to cited text no. 3
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
4.
Morse DR, O'Larnic J, Yesilsoy C. Apexification: Review of the literature. Quintessence Int 1990;21:589-98.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, et al. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part I: Technological concepts and evolution. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;101:e37-44.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Mathew BP, Hegde MN. Management of non vital immature teeth - Cases reports and review. Endodontology 2010;18:18-22.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, et al. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part II: Platelet-related biologic features. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;101:e45-50.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Huang FM, Yang SF, Zhao JH, Chang YC. Platelet-rich fibrin increases proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2010;36:1628-32.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Takushige T, Cruz EV, Asgor Moral A, Hoshino E. Endodontic treatment of primary teeth using a combination of antibacterial drugs. Int Endod J 2004;37:132-8.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Windley W rd, Teixeira F, Levin L, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Disinfection of immature teeth with a triple antibiotic paste. J Endod 2005;31:439-43.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. Preparation of 3Mix-MP; 2003. Available from: http://www.dent.niigatau.ac.jp/microbio/LSTR/background.html. [Last updated on 2007 Apr 04].  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Cruz EV, Kota K, Huque J, Iwaku M, Hoshino E. Penetration of propylene glycol into dentine. Int Endod J 2002;35:330-6.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Manuel ST, Parolia A, Kundabala M, Vikram M. Non-surgical endodontic therapy using triple antibiotic paste. Kerala Dent J 2010;33:88-90.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Banchs F, Trope M. Revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis: New treatment protocol? J Endod 2004;30:196-200.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Jindal R, Sharma S, Gupta K. Clinical and surgical considerations for impacted mesiodens in young children: An update. Indian J Oral Sci 2012;3:94-8.  Back to cited text no. 15
  Medknow Journal  
16.
Andreasen JO, Bakland LK. Pulp regeneration after non-infected and infected necrosis, what type of tissue do we want? A review. Dent Traumatol 2012;28:13-8.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Estrela C, Bueno MR, Azevedo BC, Azevedo JR, Pécora JD. A new periapical index based on cone beam computed tomography. J Endod 2008;34:1325-31.  Back to cited text no. 17
    

Top
Correspondence Address:
Raji Viola Solomon
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Dilsukhnagar, Telangana
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.156823

Rights and Permissions


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12], [Figure 13], [Figure 14]

This article has been cited by
1 Efficacy of Autologous Platelet Concentrates in Regenerative Endodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review of Human Studies
Joanna Metlerska,Irini Fagogeni,Alicja Nowicka
Journal of Endodontics. 2019; 45(1): 20
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Efficacy of Autologous Platelet Concentrates in Regenerative Endodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review of Human Studies
Joanna Metlerska,Irini Fagogeni,Alicja Nowicka
Journal of Endodontics. 2019; 45(1): 20
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Bone, Periodontal and Dental Pulp Regeneration in Dentistry: A Systematic Scoping Review
Luiz Alexandre Chisini,Marcus Cristian Muniz Conde,Guillermo Grazioli,Alissa Schmidt San Martin,Rodrigo Varella de Carvalho,Letícia Regina Morello Sartori,Flávio Fernando Demarco
Brazilian Dental Journal. 2019; 30(2): 77
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Bone, Periodontal and Dental Pulp Regeneration in Dentistry: A Systematic Scoping Review
Luiz Alexandre Chisini,Marcus Cristian Muniz Conde,Guillermo Grazioli,Alissa Schmidt San Martin,Rodrigo Varella de Carvalho,Letícia Regina Morello Sartori,Flávio Fernando Demarco
Brazilian Dental Journal. 2019; 30(2): 77
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Its Emerging Therapeutic Benefits for Musculoskeletal Injury Treatment
Alexandru Florian Grecu,Lucien Reclaru,Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean,Oliviu Nica,Eduard Mihai Ciuca,Marius Eugen Ciurea
Medicina. 2019; 55(5): 141
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Its Emerging Therapeutic Benefits for Musculoskeletal Injury Treatment
Alexandru Florian Grecu,Lucien Reclaru,Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean,Oliviu Nica,Eduard Mihai Ciuca,Marius Eugen Ciurea
Medicina. 2019; 55(5): 141
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Influence of Apical Diameter on the Outcome of Regenerative Endodontic Treatment in Teeth with Pulp Necrosis: A Review
Yanjun Fang,Xinhuan Wang,Jingjing Zhu,Chaonan Su,Ying Yang,Liuyan Meng
Journal of Endodontics. 2018; 44(3): 414
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Influence of Apical Diameter on the Outcome of Regenerative Endodontic Treatment in Teeth with Pulp Necrosis: A Review
Yanjun Fang,Xinhuan Wang,Jingjing Zhu,Chaonan Su,Ying Yang,Liuyan Meng
Journal of Endodontics. 2018; 44(3): 414
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Alternative to Avoid Tooth Discoloration after Regenerative Endodontic Procedure: A Systematic Review
Luciane Geanini Pena dos Santos,Luiz Alexandre Chisini,Camila Guerner Springmann,Beatriz Dulcineia Mendes de Souza,Fernanda Geraldo Pappen,Flávio Fernando Demarco,Mara Cristina Santos Felippe,Wilson Tadeu Felippe
Brazilian Dental Journal. 2018; 29(5): 409
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Alternative to Avoid Tooth Discoloration after Regenerative Endodontic Procedure: A Systematic Review
Luciane Geanini Pena dos Santos,Luiz Alexandre Chisini,Camila Guerner Springmann,Beatriz Dulcineia Mendes de Souza,Fernanda Geraldo Pappen,Flávio Fernando Demarco,Mara Cristina Santos Felippe,Wilson Tadeu Felippe
Brazilian Dental Journal. 2018; 29(5): 409
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 An Innovative Regenerative Endodontic Procedure Using Leukocyte and Platelet-rich Fibrin Associated with Apical Surgery: A Case Report
Nelson Pinto,Alexandra Harnish,Carolina Cabrera,Catherine Andrade,Tony Druttman,Claudia Brizuela
Journal of Endodontics. 2017; 43(11): 1828
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 An Innovative Regenerative Endodontic Procedure Using Leukocyte and Platelet-rich Fibrin Associated with Apical Surgery: A Case Report
Nelson Pinto,Alexandra Harnish,Carolina Cabrera,Catherine Andrade,Tony Druttman,Claudia Brizuela
Journal of Endodontics. 2017; 43(11): 1828
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 A scoping review of root canal revascularization: relevant aspects for clinical success and tissue formation
M. C. M. Conde,L. A. Chisini,R. Sarkis-Onofre,H. S. Schuch,J. E. Nör,F. F. Demarco
International Endodontic Journal. 2017; 50(9): 860
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 A scoping review of root canal revascularization: relevant aspects for clinical success and tissue formation
M. C. M. Conde,L. A. Chisini,R. Sarkis-Onofre,H. S. Schuch,J. E. Nör,F. F. Demarco
International Endodontic Journal. 2017; 50(9): 860
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
15 Regenerative Endodontics
Kristina Feigin,Bonnie Shope
Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2017; 34(3): 161
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
16 Regenerative Endodontics
Kristina Feigin,Bonnie Shope
Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2017; 34(3): 161
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
17 The impact of autologous platelet concentrates on endodontic healing: a systematic review
Nastaran Meschi,Ana B. Castro,Katleen Vandamme,Marc Quirynen,Paul Lambrechts
Platelets. 2016; 27(7): 613
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
18 The impact of autologous platelet concentrates on endodontic healing: a systematic review
Nastaran Meschi,Ana B. Castro,Katleen Vandamme,Marc Quirynen,Paul Lambrechts
Platelets. 2016; 27(7): 613
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  
 


    Abstract
   Case report
   Discussion
   Conclusion
    References
    Article Figures

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed8832    
    Printed549    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded197    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 18    

Recommend this journal