| |
|
|
| Year : 2009 | Volume
: 20
| Issue : 3 | Page : 337-339 |
|
| Screening of Quercus infectoria gall extracts as anti-bacterial agents against dental pathogens |
|
|
Archa Vermani, Navneet, Prabhat
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 17-Jun-2008 |
| Date of Decision | 01-Dec-2008 |
| Date of Acceptance | 23-Apr-2009 |
| Date of Web Publication | 30-Oct-2009 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Background and Objectives: A number of bacteria have now become antibiotic-resistant. This increases the importance of ayurvedic drugs. We report, here, the activity of different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water) of Quercus infectoria galls against dental pathogens - Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus (designated) and Streptococcus sanguis (isolated).
Materials and Methods: The cup-plate method was used in anti-bacterial activity of the extracts at concentration of 200 mg/ml against dental pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of most effective extracts against the most susceptible bacteria were determined using a two-fold serial micro dilution method.
Results: Methanolic extract showed maximum anti-bacterial activity against all the bacteria. The most susceptible bacteria were S. sanguis followed by S. aureus, S. mutans, S. salivarius and L. acidophilus. The MIC values showed that methanolic extract was more effective than water extract.
Conclusion: The plant has the potential to generate herbal metabolites. The crude extracts demonstrating anti-dental caries activity could result in the discovery of new chemical classes of antibiotics. These chemical classes of antibiotics could serve as selective agents for the maintenance of human health and provide bio-chemical tools for the study of infectious diseases. Keywords: Anti-bacterial activity, cup-plate method, minimum inhibitory concentration, Quercus infectoria
How to cite this article:
Vermani A, Navneet, Prabhat. Screening of Quercus infectoria gall extracts as anti-bacterial agents against dental pathogens. Indian J Dent Res 2009;20:337-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Vermani A, Navneet, Prabhat. Screening of Quercus infectoria gall extracts as anti-bacterial agents against dental pathogens. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2009 [cited 2022 Aug 10];20:337-9. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2009/20/3/337/57380 |
Quercus infectoria (Fabaceae) is a small tree. The galls arise on young branches of this tree as a result of attack by the gall-wasp, Adleria gallae - tinctoria. [1] The plant is known as Mayaphal and Majufal in Hindi. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius  Lactobacillus acidophilus y a major role in dental plaque formation. Staphylococcus spp. also ferments many sugars and the produced product is utilized by the dental plaque bacteria. [2] A large number of Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. are involved in root caries and periodontal diseases. [3],[4] In recent times micro- organisms developed resistance to many antibiotics due to the indiscriminate use of anti-microbial drugs in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, developing of alternative antimicrobial agents is required, and local medicinal plants are considered the important sources of novel anti- microbial agents. [5] This study was carried out to investigate the anti-bacterial properties of the galls of Q. infectoria, extracted by four solvents of different polarity against dental pathogens.
| Materials and Methods | |  |
The galls of Q. infectoria used in this study were obtained from the local market. They were identified at the Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar. The galls were crushed to small pieces using pestle and mortar and then powdered in an electric grinder. The extracts were prepared by immersing 200 gm of dried powdered material in 600 ml of solvents i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water using the Soxhlet apparatus. Crude extracts were obtained by removing the solvent in vacuum evaporator at 30° C and stored in sterile bottles at 4° C until further use. The strains of dental infection-related bacteria used in this study were Staphylococcus aureus MTCC-1144, S. mutans MTCC-890, S. salivarius MTCC-1938, L. acidophilus MTCC-447 and local clinical isolate of S. sanguis (Aggarwal Dental Clinic, Haridwar). The isolates were identified according to published guidelines. [6] All the bacterial strains were grown and maintained on nutrient agar slants at 4° C. The extracts were dissolved in the same solvent with which it has been extracted (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water) to a final concentration of 200 mg/ml for cup-plate method. [7]
The cup-plate method was used to evaluate the anti-bacterial activity. This method depends upon the diffusion of the tested material to such an extent that growth of the added micro-organism is prevented entirely in a zone around the hole containing a solution of tested material. [8],[9] One hundred microliters of diluted inoculum of 10 5 CFU/ml [10] of 24 hours old cultures of test organisms were mixed in Mueller Hinton Agar media and shaken. Then media was poured (25-30 ml) in sterilized petridishes (20 Χ 90 mm). Wells of 8 mm diameter were punched into the agar medium and filled with 45 μl of plant extracts. All the solvents served as negative control. Each extract was assayed in triplicate and the mean values were observed. The plates were incubated at 37° C for 24 hours. The anti-bacterial activity was interpreted from the size of the diameter of zone of inhibition measured in millimeters (mm), it was observed as the clear zones surrounding the hole.
The MIC of the most effective extracts (methanolic and aqueous) was determined for S. aureus and S. sanguis. MIC was determined by using the two-fold serial micro dilution method at a final concentration ranging from 10 mg/ml to 0.0195 mg/ ml. [11] The extracts were added to sterile Mueller Hinton Broth before bacterial suspensions with final inoculum of 10 5 CFU/ml. Each extract was assayed in triplicate. The extracts in broth were used as negative control and the bacterial suspensions were used as positive control. The turbidity of the wells in the microtiter plate was interpreted as visible growth of the microorganisms. The MIC values were taken as the lowest concentration of the extracts which showed no turbidity after 24 hours of inoculation at 37° C.
| Results | | |
[Table 1] represents anti-bacterial activities of all the extracts with respect to each of the test organism at concentration of 200 mg/ml. Anti-bacterial activity was found in all the extracts. The methanolic extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition against all the bacteria. The anti-bacterial activities of extracts were observed in increasing order- petroleum ether is less than chloroform which is less than water which is further less than methanol. The methanolic extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition against S. sanguis. The minimum zone of inhibition was showed by petroleum ether extract against L. acidophilus.
The MIC values of the methanolic and aqueous extracts from the galls of Q. infectoria against S. aureus and S. sanguis are shown in [Table 2]. The MIC values of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were the same (0.1563 mg/ml) against S. aureus, whereas the MIC values of methanolic and aqueous extracts against S. sanguis were 0.0781 mg/ml and 0.1563 mg/ml.
| Discussion | | |
Streptococci and staphylococci ferment sugars and produce acids. These acids affect primary decalcification of enamel which leads to total destruction and the decalcification of dentin. Major end-products of fermentation are lactic acid, dextrans and levans. These products are seen to cause dental caries. [2] Present study has shown that the gall is potentially a rich source of anti-bacterial agents. All the four extracts inhibited the growth of all pathogens and methanolic extract was the most effective. The MIC value of methanol and water extracts against S. sanguis in comparison to S. aureus concludes that S. sanguis showed greater sensitivity towards the methanolic extract.
Successful prediction of botanical compounds from plant material is largely dependent on the type of solvent used in the extraction procedure. Traditional healers use primarily water as the solvent. [8] However, in the present study, we have found that plant extract in methanol provided more consistent antimicrobial activity as compared to those extracted in water. It is probably because various organic compounds can be leached more in this solvent. Ethanolic extract of Q. infectoria also demonstrated significant activity against resistant bacteria. [12],[13] Ahmad et al. [8] screened medicinal plants to detect anti-microbial activity and clearly demonstrated that alcohol is a better solvent as compared to water and petroleum ether.
Prabhat et al. [9],[14] reported good anti-bacterial activity of Achyranthes aspera (Apamarga) and Mimusops elenigi (Bakula) methanolic extracts against these dental pathogens. However, in this study, the gall extract showed better results than both the plants. The main constituents found in the galls of Q. infectoria are tannin (50-70%), gallic acid and ellagic acid. [11],[15] Tannin is a phenolic compound that is soluble in water, alcohol and acetone. It gives precipitates with protein. [16] The anti-microbial activity seemed to depend on the contents of tannin and gallic acid in the extracts. [17],[18]
In conclusion, extracts of galls of Q. infectoria have high potential as anti-bacterial agent. This finding provides an insight into the usage of the galls of Q. infectoria as traditional medicine in dental powder and in the treatment of toothache and gingivitis. [19],[20] The results of this study suggest that plant extracts possess compounds with anti-bacterial properties which can be used as anti-microbial agents in new drugs for the therapy of infectious diseases.
Further pharmacological evaluation of refined extracts of galls of Q. infectoria are needed before they can be used as therapeutic antimicrobials.
Further, phyto-chemical studies are required to establish the types of compounds responsible for the anti-microbial effects of this medicinal plant.
| Acknowledgment | | |
I am also thankful to Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun, for help during identification of plant.
| References | | |
| 1. | Samuelsson RG. Drugs of natural origin. A textbook of Pharmacognosy. Apote Karsociatetion, 4 th ed. Sweden: Swedish Pharmaceutical Press; 1999.  |
| 2. | Kornman KS, Robertson WJ. Clinical and microbiological evaluation of therapy for Juvenila periodontitis. J Periodontol 1985;56 : 443-56. |
| 3. | Schiipbach P, Osterkwalder V, Guggenheim B. Human root caries microbiota in plaque covering sounds carious and arrested carious root surfaces. Caries Res 1995;29 : 382-95. |
| 4. | Marsh PD. Microbiological aspects of the chemical control of plaque and gingivitis. J Dent Res 1992;8:263-71. |
| 5. | Cowman MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564-82. |
| 6. | Burneti RW, Haber MH, Hackel E, Hanson CA, Keren DF. Lee Lewandrowski E. Clinical laboratory medicine. Philadelphia, U.S: Williams and Wilkins; 1994. p. 1113-20. |
| 7. | Perez C, Pauli M, Bazerque P. An antibiotic assay by the well agar diffusion method. Acta Biologiae Et Medicine Experiments 1990;15:113-5. |
| 8. | Ahmad I, Mehmood Z, Mohammad F. Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. J Ethanopharmacol 1998;62:183-93. |
| 9. | Prabhat , Navneet, Shrikrishna. Antibacterial activity of Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera). National Academy of Science Letters 2005;28:379-81. |
| 10. | Indian Pharmacopoeia. The controller of publication, Vol. 2. Delhi: (CSIR); 1996: p. A-100-7. |
| 11. | Basri DF, Fan S. The potential of aqueous and acetone extract of galls of Q. infectoria as antimicrobial agent. Indian J of Pharmacol 2005;37:26-9. |
| 12. | Voravuthikunchai SP, Kitpipit L. Activity of medicinal plant extracts against hospital isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11:510-2. |
| 13. | Chusri S, Voravuthikunchai SP. Q.infectoria: A candidate for the control of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections. Phytother Res 2008;22:560-2. |
| 14. | Prabhat , Navneet, Shrikrishna. Antibacterial activity of Bakula (Mimusops elenigi). Environmental Conservation Journal 2005;3:59-61. |
| 15. | Ikram M, Nowshad F. Constituents of Quercus infectoria. Planta Medica 1977;31:286-7. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 16. | Leach CK. The phenolic contents of some British cynipid galls. Cecidology 1986;1:10-2. |
| 17. | Irobi ON, Moo-Young M, Anderson WA, Daramola SO. Antibacterial activity of bark extracts of Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae). J of Ethanopharmacol 1994;43:185-90. |
| 18. | Djipa CD, Delmee M, Quetin-Leclercq J. Antimicrobial activity of bark extracts of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae). J of Ethanopharmacol 2000;71:307-13. |
| 19. | Kottakkal AV. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4. Orient Longman Ltd; 1995. |
| 20. | Bhattacharjee SK. Handbook of medicinal plants. India: Pointer Publishers; 2001. |
Correspondence Address:
Archa Vermani
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.57380
[Table 1], [Table 2] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Investigation of the Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds of Andricus quercustozae Gall and Host Plant (Quercus infectoria) |
|
| Musa AZMAZ, Özge KILINÇARSLAN AKSOY, Yusuf KATILMIS, Ramazan MAMMADOV | | International Journal of Secondary Metabolite. 2020; : 77 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Compositional analysis, biological activity, and food protecting ability of ethanolic extract of
Quercus infectoria
gall
|
|
| Bülent Basyigit, Hidayet Saglam, Kübra Köroglu, Mehmet Karaaslan | | Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2020; 44(9) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Quercus brantii Lindl. Vaginal cream versus placebo on Bacterial Vaginosis: A randomized clinical trial |
|
| Atefeh Zare,Zeinab Moshfeghy,Mohammad M. Zarshenas,Bahia Namavar Jahromi,Marzieh Akbarzadeh,Mehrab Sayadi | | Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2019; 16: 100247 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Quercus brantii Lindl. Vaginal cream versus placebo on Bacterial Vaginosis: A randomized clinical trial |
|
| Atefeh Zare,Zeinab Moshfeghy,Mohammad M. Zarshenas,Bahia Namavar Jahromi,Marzieh Akbarzadeh,Mehrab Sayadi | | Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2019; 16: 100247 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Effectiveness of novel herbal dentifrice in control of plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis – Randomized controlled trial |
|
| Kalyana-Chakravarthy Pentapati,Meena Anand Kukkamalla,Hanan Siddiq,Neeraja Sabnis | | Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Effectiveness of novel herbal dentifrice in control of plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis – Randomized controlled trial |
|
| Kalyana-Chakravarthy Pentapati,Meena Anand Kukkamalla,Hanan Siddiq,Neeraja Sabnis | | Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of cork |
|
| Filipa Gonçalves,Patrícia Correia,Susana P. Silva,Cristina Almeida-Aguiar,Laura Bowater | | FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2016; 363(3): fnv231 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of cork |
|
| Filipa Gonçalves,Patrícia Correia,Susana P. Silva,Cristina Almeida-Aguiar,Laura Bowater | | FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2016; 363(3): fnv231 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals |
|
| Soheila Abachi,Song Lee,H. Rupasinghe | | Molecules. 2016; 21(2): 215 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals |
|
| Soheila Abachi,Song Lee,H. Rupasinghe | | Molecules. 2016; 21(2): 215 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Effects of Malus domestica Fruit Extracts Against Clinically Isolated Dental Pathogens |
|
| J. Anbu Jeba Sunilson,A.V. Anita Gnana Kumari,Abdullah Khan,K. Anandaraja | | European Journal of Dentistry and Medicine. 2016; 8(1): 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Effects of Malus domestica Fruit Extracts Against Clinically Isolated Dental Pathogens |
|
| J. Anbu Jeba Sunilson,A.V. Anita Gnana Kumari,Abdullah Khan,K. Anandaraja | | European Journal of Dentistry and Medicine. 2016; 8(1): 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of the Methanol Extract from the Galls ofQuercus infectoria(Olivier) in Rats |
|
| Sook-Ha Fan,Noraisah Akbar Ali,Dayang Fredalina Basri | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014; 2014: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier against Oral Pathogens |
|
| Dayang Fredalina Basri, Liy Si Tan, Zaleha Shafiei, Noraziah Mohamad Zin | | Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012; 2012: 1 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Antibacterial Potential of Gall Extract of Quercus infectoria against Enterococcus faecalis-an in vitro Study |
|
| L Nagesh,Shyam Sivasamy,KS Muralikrishna,Kishore G. Bhat | | Pharmacognosy Journal. 2012; 4(30): 47 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Clinical and microbiologic effects of commercially available gel and powder containing Acacia arabica on gingivitis |
|
| AR Pradeep,E Agarwal,P Bajaj,SB Naik,N Shanbhag,SR Uma | | Australian Dental Journal. 2012; 57(3): 312 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Clinical and microbiologic effects of commercially available gel and powder containing Acacia arabica on gingivitis |
|
| Pradeep, A.R. and Agarwal, E. and Bajaj, P. and Naik, S.B. and Shanbhag, N. and Uma, S.R. | | Australian Dental Journal. 2012; 57(3): 312-318 | | [Pubmed] | | | 18 |
Antibacterial potential of gall extract of Quercus infectoria against Enterococcus faecalis-an in vitro study |
|
| Nagesh, L. and Sivasamy, S. and Muralikrishna, K.S. and Bhat, K.G. | | Pharmacognosy Journal. 2012; 4(30): 47-50 | | [Pubmed] | | | 19 |
Herbal medicines for the management of irritable bowel syndrome: A comprehensive review |
|
| Rahimi, R., Abdollahi, M. | | World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012; 18(7): 589-600 | | [Pubmed] | | | 20 |
Synergistic effect between clove oil and its major compounds and antibiotics against oral bacteria |
|
| Sang-Eun Moon, Hye-Young Kim, Jeong-Dan Cha | | Archives of Oral Biology. 2011; 56(9): 907 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 9681 | | | Printed | 377 | | | Emailed | 5 | | | PDF Downloaded | 555 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 20 | | |
|
|
Users online:
