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| Year : 2009 | Volume
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| Issue : 2 | Page : 190-194 |
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| Association between symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and gender, morphological occlusion, and psychological factors in a group of university students |
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Leonardo R Bonjardim1, Ricardo J Lopes-Filho2, Guilherme Amado2, Ricardo LC Albuquerque3, Suzane RJ Goncalves2
1 Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju-SE, Brazil
2 Department of Physiology, Tiradentes University, Aracaju-SE, Brazil
3 Department of Physiology, Institute of Technology and Research, Aracaju-SE, Brazil
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 29-Nov-2006 |
| Date of Decision | 20-Apr-2007 |
| Date of Acceptance | 26-Jul-2007 |
| Date of Web Publication | 23-Jun-2009 |
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 Abstract | | |
Aim: The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in a sample of university students and its relationship to gender, occlusion, and psychological factors.
Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 196 subjects, aged 18-25 years. The TMD degree was evaluated using an anamnestic questionnaire. Morphologic occlusion was evaluated according to Angle classification (classes I, II, and III). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a 14-item self-administered rating scale developed specifically to identify anxiety and depression in nonpsychiatric medical outpatients, was used to assess the levels of anxiety (HADSa) and depression (HADSd).
Statistical Analysis: The incidence of TMD level, malocclusion, anxiety, and depression in both genders was calculated as percentages. Association between TMD degree and occlusion, HADSa, and HADSd was tested using the Chi-square test.
Results: According to our results, 50% of the subjects had TMD, but it was of moderate or severe degree in only 9.18% of them. No statistically significant association could be found between TMD and gender or occlusion. TMD was found to have statistically significant association with HADSa but not with HADSd.
Conclusion : A high prevalence of TMD was found in this student population; however, most of the cases could be classified as mild. Of the variables studied, only HADSa had a statistically significant association with TMD. Keywords: Anxiety, depression, gender, occlusion, temporomandibular disorder
How to cite this article:
Bonjardim LR, Lopes-Filho RJ, Amado G, Albuquerque RL, Goncalves SR. Association between symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and gender, morphological occlusion, and psychological factors in a group of university students. Indian J Dent Res 2009;20:190-4 |
How to cite this URL:
Bonjardim LR, Lopes-Filho RJ, Amado G, Albuquerque RL, Goncalves SR. Association between symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and gender, morphological occlusion, and psychological factors in a group of university students. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2009 [cited 2021 Apr 20];20:190-4. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2009/20/2/190/52901 |
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a term used to describe a number of related disorders involving the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and occlusion and having some symptoms in common, such as pain, restricted movement, muscle tenderness, and intermittent joint sounds. [1] Approximately 60-70% of the general population will have at least one of the signs of TMD at some stage in their lives; however, only about 5% actually seek treatment. [2]
TMD is the most common cause of orofacial pain of non- dental origin. [3] Its etiology is multifactorial and still poorly understood. [1] A variety of possible etiological factors have been studied, such as occlusion, [4],[5],[6],[7],[8] depression, stress, and anxiety. [9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14] The importance of psychological factors in the etiology of TMD has usually been emphasized; [15],[16] they are believed to predispose the individual to chronicity. [17]
Although TMD may occur at any age, patients most commonly present in early adulthood. [18] The role of gender in TMD has also been extensively discussed in the literature. TMD is considered to be 1.5-2 times more prevalent in women than in men and 80% of patients treated for this disorder are women. [19] The gender difference was most prominent in the 20-40 years age-group and was lowest in children, adolescents, and the elderly. [20]
The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of TMD in a sample of university students and its association with gender, morphologic occlusion, and selected psychological factors.
| Materials and Methods | |  |
Subjects
A sample of 196 young adults (101 girls and 95 boys), with age ranging from 18 to 25 years, was randomly selected from among the student population of Tiradentes University, Aracaju-SE, Brazil. The Ethics Committee of Tiradentes University approved the conduct of this research.
Anamnestic questionnaire
The presence and severity of TMD was determined using a self-administered anamnestic questionnaire composed of 10 questions regarding common TMD symptoms. The number and frequency of positive responses were used to categorize the subjects into different groups according to severity of symptoms. The symptoms were transposed into a severity classification according to the number and frequency of positive responses. This questionnaire is a modified version of Helkimo's anamnestic index and has been previously used by Fonseca et al. [21] and Conti et al.; [22] it has demonstrated a high efficiency in obtaining a diagnosis and is easy to apply. The scoring system was as follows: A score of '0' indicated the absence of symptoms; a score of '1' was given for a report of an occasional occurrence, a score of '2' was given for each response indicating the presence of dysfunction, and a score of '3' indicated severe pain or bilateral symptoms. (According Conti et al., the score of '3' could only be given for questions 4, 6, and 7 of the anamnestic questionnaire; the questions are given below.) [22] The sum of the scores was used to group the subjects into four categories as follows: Score 0-3: TMD free; score 4-8: Mild TMD; score 9-14: Moderate TMD; and score 15-23: Severe TMD.
The ten questions in the questionnaire were as follows:
- Do you have difficulty in opening your mouth?
- Do you have difficulty in moving or using your jaw?
- Do you have tenderness or muscular pain when chewing?
- Do you have frequent headaches?
- Do you have neck aches or shoulder pain?
- Do you have pain in or about the ears?
- Are you aware of noises in the jaw joints?
- Do you consider your bite 'normal'?
- Do you use only one side of your mouth when chewing?
- Do you have morning facial pain?
Occlusal examination
Morphologic occlusion was evaluated according to Angle classification (molar classes I, II, and III).
Hospital anxiety and depression scale
The level of anxiety and depression was self-rated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). HADS consists of seven items for depression (HADSd) and seven items for anxiety (HADSa). The scale was first used in a study by Zigmond and Snaith, [23] and a Portuguese version has since been validated by Botega et al. [24] The main characteristic of HADS is that items covering somatic symptoms of anxiety and depression have been eliminated. By defining cutoff values, the HADS subscales give an indication of the severity of the mental disorder: 0-7 = normal; 8-10 = mild; 11-14 = moderate; and 15-21 = severe disorder. [23] HADS has been extensively tested and has well-established psychometric properties. [25]
Statistical analysis
Data were computerized and the SAS package (version 8.2; SAS Institute) was used for analysis. The percentages of subjects with TMD (of different grades of severity), malocclusion, anxiety, and depression in both genders were calculated. Association between TMD degree and occlusion, HADSa, and HADSd was tested using the Chi- square test. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.
| Results | | |
The results obtained from the anamnesis index showed that the percentage of women (57.42%) with some degree of TMD was higher than men (42.11%), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.226).
Only 9.18% of the total sample presented moderate to severe levels of TMD [Table 1]. The majority of the subjects who had moderate or severe levels of TMD exhibited class I occlusion [Table 2]. Moreover, independently of molar class, 49.74% of the total sample had no TMD symptoms according to the questionnaire. No significant association between malocclusion and TMD levels was found (P = 0.112).
The association between TMD levels and anxiety or depression is shown in [Table 3] and [Table 4], respectively. The majority of the participants had no evidence of either anxiety (65.81%) or depression (95.39%) symptoms according to HADS. TMD level was shown to be significantly related to HADSa (P = 0.0001) but not to HADSd (P = 0.0935).
| Discussion | | |
In this study, we evaluated the incidence of TMD in university students and its association with gender, occlusion, and psychological factors. The anamnesis index used to measure TMD degree provided a substantial amount of information in a short period of time and was sensitive and useful for identifying the TMD degree in the studied population. The index proved to be a simple tool that could be easily understood by the volunteers, thus reducing the influence, if any, of the investigator on the individuals and their answers. [26] The clinically determined prevalence of TMD (which gives the point prevalence) might be lower than that determined by using the questionnaire (which estimates the period prevalence); [27] for the purposes of this study we have considered only the period prevalence of TMD. Several studies support the validity of the questionnaire for epidemiological studies on TMD symptoms. [28],[29],[30]
In this study, 50% of the subjects had some degree of TMD. This value is a bit lower than that reported by Garcia et al. [31] (61%) and Conti et al. [26] (68%), both of whom used the same questionnaire to evaluate TMD in university students. Nassif et al. [32] found that although the prevalence of TMD in young adults was high, the severity of the condition in this age-group was low. Our study corroborates this, as we found that only 9.18% of the subjects presented moderate or severe degree of TMD and, consequently, needed care and treatment. These data lead us to suggest that TMD evaluation must be discerningly performed in order to identify those who actually could benefit from some intervention.
[Table 1] shows that the percentage of women (57.43%) with TMD is higher than that of men (42.11%); however, this difference was not statistically significant. Other studies have also shown higher prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms in females, [19],[33],[34] with the disorder reported as being 3-6 times more common in women than in men. [35],[36] Our findings are similar to that reported by Widmalm et al. [37] and Sonmez et al. [38]
Several studies have demonstrated that the severity of TMD symptoms varies with the age. The least symptoms are reported by children, adolescents, and the elderly. [39] In women the symptoms generally increase after puberty, to peak at the reproductive age-group (between 20-40 years). [20]
In this study, we found no statistically significant association between morphologic occlusion and TMD degree. Our results agree with that of several studies that have also failed to find strong evidence to support of the theory that occlusion plays a role in the etiology of TMD, particularly as the sole cause or the dominant factor. [8],[40],[41],[42],[43] Gesch et al. [44] reported a weak association between malocclusion and the functional and clinical parameters of occlusion as well as subjective TMD. Moreover, no particular morphologic or functional occlusal factor became apparent. Gesch et al. also reported that the occlusal factors that were found were partly protective for TMD, i.e., subjects with these occlusal parameters (i.e., angle class II malocclusion, deep bite, and anterior crossbite) showed fewer signs and symptoms of TMD.
We found a statistically significant association between TMD degree and HADSa [Table 3] but not between TMD degree and HADSd [Table 4]. These outcomes are in agreement with Bonjardim et al. [14] Mazzetto [45] asserted that anxiety plays an important role in TMD, acting as a predisposing or aggravating factor. Furthermore, anxiety may be an important factor in the perception of pain, with anxious subjects paying more attention to pain and thereby amplifying the perceived intensity. This possibility has been confirmed by other studies, [46],[47] which indicate that anxiety is related to increased pain reports in clinical settings.
There is currently considerable evidence that psychological factors are important in TMD, which is the most common cause of chronic facial pain. TMD are often associated with somatic and psychological complaints, including fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. [13],[14] Thus, considering that stress is associated with psychological disturbances such as anxiety and depression, [48] we can say that there appears to be a relationship between stress and degree of TMD in our study.
In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of TMD symptoms in our sample, even though the majority of the cases were classified as being of mild degree. Although a larger percentage of women than men had some symptoms of TMD, the difference was not statistically significant. Morphologic malocclusion (molar class, Angle's classification) was not associated with the presence of TMD symptoms. On the other hand, anxiety (but not depression) was associated with TMD symptoms. The outcomes suggest the importance of recognizing the merits of psychological screening of young adults with a confirmed diagnosis of TMD.
| Acknowledgments | | |
We would like to thank CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientνfico e Tecnológico, Brazil) for the financial support provided through an institutional studentship.
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Correspondence Address:
Leonardo R Bonjardim
Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju-SE
Brazil
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.52901
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4] |
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Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in postmenopausal women and relationship with pain and HRT |
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Correlação entre sinais e sintomas da Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) e severidade da má oclusão |
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| George Azevedo Lemos,Vanderlucia Gomes Moreira,Franklin Delano Soares Forte,Rejane Targino Soares Beltrão,André Ulisses Dantas Batista | | Revista de Odontologia da UNESP. 2015; 44(3): 175 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Facial pain |
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| K. A. Makhinov,A. N. Barinov,M. G. Zhestikova,L. R. Mingazova,E. V. Parkhomenko | | Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2015; 115(7): 79 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Correlação entre sinais e sintomas da Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) e severidade da má oclusão |
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| George Azevedo Lemos,Vanderlucia Gomes Moreira,Franklin Delano Soares Forte,Rejane Targino Soares Beltrão,André Ulisses Dantas Batista | | Revista de Odontologia da UNESP. 2015; 44(3): 175 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Prevalence and Sex Distribution of Temporomandibular Disorder and Their Association with Anxiety and Depression in Indian Medical University Students |
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| Kaberi Majumder,Shalender Sharma,Dayashankara Rao JK,Vijay Siwach,Varun Arya,Sunil Gulia | | International Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2015; 06(08): 570 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Clinical Profile of Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders Referred to a University Clinic |
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| Amanda Ramos Regis Maciel,Lucas Garcia Santana,Gabriel Dornellas Gomes,Patrícia Ribeiro Orlando,Thiago Victor Clemente,Evandro Silveira de Oliveira,Dhelfeson Willya Douglas de Oliveira,Geruza Costa Gonzaga Anéas,Patrícia Furtado Gonçalves,Olga Dumont Flecha | | MYOPAIN. 2015; 23(3-4): 195 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Clinical Profile of Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders Referred to a University Clinic |
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| Amanda Ramos Regis Maciel,Lucas Garcia Santana,Gabriel Dornellas Gomes,Patrícia Ribeiro Orlando,Thiago Victor Clemente,Evandro Silveira de Oliveira,Dhelfeson Willya Douglas de Oliveira,Geruza Costa Gonzaga Anéas,Patrícia Furtado Gonçalves,Olga Dumont Flecha | | MYOPAIN. 2015; 23(3-4): 195 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Facial pain |
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| K. A. Makhinov,A. N. Barinov,M. G. Zhestikova,L. R. Mingazova,E. V. Parkhomenko | | Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2015; 115(7): 79 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Prevalence and Sex Distribution of Temporomandibular Disorder and Their Association with Anxiety and Depression in Indian Medical University Students |
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| Kaberi Majumder,Shalender Sharma,Dayashankara Rao JK,Vijay Siwach,Varun Arya,Sunil Gulia | | International Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2015; 06(08): 570 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Prevalence and severity of tempromandibular disorders among university students in riyadh |
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Effects of Massage Therapy and Occlusal Splint Therapy on Mandibular Range of Motion in Individuals With Temporomandibular Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial |
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| Cid André Fidelis de Paula Gomes,Fabiano Politti,Daniel Ventura Andrade,Dowglas Fernando Magalhães de Sousa,Carolina Marciela Herpich,Almir Vieira Dibai-Filho,Tabajara de Oliveira Gonzalez,Daniela Aparecida Biasotto-Gonzalez | | Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Temporomandibular Disorders in a Sample Population of the Brazilian Northeast |
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| Victor Villaça Cardoso de Mello,André Cavalcante da Silva Barbosa,Mariana Pacheco Lima de Assis Morais,Simone Guimarães Farias Gomes,Márcia Maria Vendiciano Barbosa Vasconcelos,Arnaldo de França Caldas Júnior | | Brazilian Dental Journal. 2014; 25(5): 442 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Temporomandibular Disorders in a Sample Population of the Brazilian Northeast |
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| Victor Villaça Cardoso de Mello,André Cavalcante da Silva Barbosa,Mariana Pacheco Lima de Assis Morais,Simone Guimarães Farias Gomes,Márcia Maria Vendiciano Barbosa Vasconcelos,Arnaldo de França Caldas Júnior | | Brazilian Dental Journal. 2014; 25(5): 442 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Multimodal physiotherapeutic approach: effects on the temporomandibular disorder diagnosis and severity |
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Association of temporomandibular disorder symptoms with anxiety and depression in Portuguese college students |
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| Beatriz Minghelli,Marcos Morgado,Tatiana Caro | | Journal of Oral Science. 2014; 56(2): 127 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Association of temporomandibular disorder symptoms with anxiety and depression in Portuguese college students |
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| Beatriz Minghelli,Marcos Morgado,Tatiana Caro | | Journal of Oral Science. 2014; 56(2): 127 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Inclusion of cocoa as a dietary supplement represses expression of inflammatory proteins in spinal trigeminal nucleus in response to chronic trigeminal nerve stimulation |
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| Cady, R.J. and Denson, J.E. and Durham, P.L. | | Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2013; 57(6): 996-1006 | | [Pubmed] | | | 35 |
Does orthodontic treatment provide a real functional improvement? a case control study |
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Influence of anxiety on temporomandibular disorders - an epidemiological survey with elders and adults in Southern Brazil |
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Inclusion of cocoa as a dietary supplement represses expression of inflammatory proteins in spinal trigeminal nucleus in response to chronic trigeminal nerve stimulation |
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Accuracy study of the main screening tools for temporomandibular disorder in children and adolescents |
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Correlation between severity of temporomandibular disorder and mandibular range of motion |
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| Cid André Fidelis de Paula Gomes,Almir Vieira Dibai-Filho,Janaina Rodrigues da Silva,Patricia Mattos de Oliveira,Fabiano Politti,Daniela Aparecida Biasotto-Gonzalez | | Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Do women with migraine have higher prevalence of temporomandibular disorders? [Mulheres com enxaqueca têm maior prevalência de disfunção temporomandibular?] |
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| Gonçalves, M.C. and Florencio, L.L. and Chaves, T.C. and Speciali, J.G. and Bigal, M.E. and Bevilaqua-Grossi, D. | | Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2013; 17(1): 64-68 | | [Pubmed] | | | 41 |
Comparison of levels of anxiety and depression among active and sedentary elderly [Comparação dos nÃveis de ansiedade e depressão entre idosos ativos e sedentários] |
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Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain levels in patients with temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review |
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| Maia, M.L.M. and Bonjardim, L.R. and Quintans, J.S.S. and Ribeiro, M.A.G. and Maia, L.G.M. and Conti, P.C.R. | | Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2012; 20(6): 594-602 | | [Pubmed] | | | 43 |
Influence of sociodemographic factors upon pain intensity in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders seen in the primary care setting |
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| Blanco-HungrÃa, A. and RodrÃguez-Torronteras, A. and Blanco-Aguilera, A. and Biedma-Velázquez, L. and Serrano-del-Rosal, R. and Segura-Saint-Gerons, R. and de la Torre-de la Torre, J. and Esparza-DÃaz, F. | | Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2012; 17(6): e1034-e1041 | | [Pubmed] | | | 44 |
Temporomandibular dysfunction in late adolescence [Disfunción temporomandibular en la adolescencia tardÃa] |
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Prospective study of a group of pre-university students evaluating anxiety and depression relationships with temporomandibular disorders |
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| de Lucena, I.M. and Franco Rocha Rodrigues, L.L. and Teixeira, M.L. and Pozza, D.H. and Guimarães, A.S. | | Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2012; 4(2): 102-106 | | [Pubmed] | | | 46 |
Intraoral myofascial therapy for chronic myogenous temporomandibular disorder: A randomized controlled trial |
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| Kalamir, A., Bonello, R., Graham, P., Vitiello, A.L., Pollard, H. | | Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2012; 35(1): 26-37 | | [Pubmed] | | | 47 |
Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain levels in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review |
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| Mila Leite de Moraes Maia,Leonardo Rigoldi Bonjardim,Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans,Maria Amália Gonzaga Ribeiro,Luiz Guilherme Martins Maia,Paulo César Rodrigues Conti | | Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2012; 20(6): 594 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain levels in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review |
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| Mila Leite de Moraes Maia,Leonardo Rigoldi Bonjardim,Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans,Maria Amália Gonzaga Ribeiro,Luiz Guilherme Martins Maia,Paulo César Rodrigues Conti | | Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2012; 20(6): 594 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Correlação entre autoestima e grau de severidade da disfunção temporomandibular em sujeitos controle e afetados |
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| José Adolfo Menezes Garcia Silva,Almir Vieira Dibai Filho,Afonso Antonio Machado,Luana Emanuela Moço Oliveira,Marcelo Tavella Navega | | Revista de Odontologia da UNESP. 2012; 41(6): 377 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Correlação entre autoestima e grau de severidade da disfunção temporomandibular em sujeitos controle e afetados |
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| José Adolfo Menezes Garcia Silva,Almir Vieira Dibai Filho,Afonso Antonio Machado,Luana Emanuela Moço Oliveira,Marcelo Tavella Navega | | Revista de Odontologia da UNESP. 2012; 41(6): 377 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Relationship between anxiety and chronic orofacial pain of temporomandibular disorder in a group of university students |
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| Douglas Roberto Monteiro, Paulo Renato Junqueira Zuim, Aldiéris Alves Pesqueira, Paula do Prado Ribeiro, Alício Rosalino Garcia | | Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2011; 55(3): 154 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes cellular changes in trigeminal neurons and glia implicated in peripheral and central sensitization |
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| Cady, R.J., Glenn, J.R., Smith, K.M., Durham, P.L. | | Molecular Pain. 2011; 7(art): 94 | | [Pubmed] | | | 53 |
Development of temporomandibular disorder symptoms: a 3-year cohort study of university students : JAW INJURY, STRESS AND RISK OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER |
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| R. AKHTER, M. MORITA, M. ESAKI, K. NAKAMURA, T. KANEHIRA | | Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2011; : no | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Association between temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms with psychological factors and modifications in the cervical column among students of the Jean Piaget-Algarve Health School [Associaão entre os sintomas da disfunão temporo-mandibular com factores psicológicos e alteraões na coluna cervical em alunos da Escola Superior de Saúde Jean Piaget do Algarve] |
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| Minghelli, B. and Kiselova, L. and Pereira, C. | | Revista Portuguesa de Saude Publica. 2011; 29(2): 140-147 | | [Pubmed] | | | 55 |
Development of temporomandibular disorder symptoms: A 3-year cohort study of university students |
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| Akhter, R. and Morita, M. and Esaki, M. and Nakamura, K. and Kanehira, T. | | Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2011; 38(6): 395-403 | | [Pubmed] | | | 56 |
Associação entre os sintomas da disfunção temporo-mandibular com factores psicológicos e alterações na coluna cervical em alunos da Escola Superior de Saúde Jean Piaget do Algarve |
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| Beatriz Minghelli, Liliya Kiselova, Celina Pereira | | Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública. 2011; 29(2): 140 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Dietary grape seed polyphenols repress neuron and glia activation in trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus caudalis |
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| Cady, R.J. and Hirst, J.J. and Durham, P.L. | | Molecular Pain. 2010; 6(91) | | [Pubmed] | | | 58 |
Statement of the 1 st Consensus on Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain [Termo do 1 Consenso em Disfunção Temporomandibular e Dor Orofacial] |
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| Carrara, S.V. and Rodrigues Conti, P.C. and Barbosa, J.S. | | Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2010; 15(3): 114-120 | | [Pubmed] | | | 59 |
Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and their impact on psychosocial status in non-patient university studentæs population |
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| Jeniffer Holley Rodrigues, Daniela Aparecida Biasotto-Gonzalez, Sandra Kalil Bussadori, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes, Carlos Alberto Tenis, Manoela Domingues Martins | | Physiotherapy Research International. 2010; : n/a | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Termo do 1º Consenso em Disfunção Temporomandibular e Dor Orofacial |
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| Simone Vieira Carrara,Paulo César Rodrigues Conti,Juliana Stuginski Barbosa | | Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2010; 15(3): 114 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Termo do 1º Consenso em Disfunção Temporomandibular e Dor Orofacial |
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| Simone Vieira Carrara,Paulo César Rodrigues Conti,Juliana Stuginski Barbosa | | Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2010; 15(3): 114 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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