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| Year : 2008 | Volume
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| Issue : 2 | Page : 95-98 |
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| Prevalence of dental caries among adults and elderly in an urban resettlement colony of New Delhi |
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Binod Kumar Patro, B Ravi Kumar, Anil Goswami, Vijay Prakash Mathur, Baridalyne Nongkynrih
Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 28-Jul-2007 |
| Date of Decision | 02-Sep-2007 |
| Date of Acceptance | 04-Oct-2007 |
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 Abstract | | |
Background: Dental caries remains the most important dental health problem in developing countries. In India the prevalence of dental caries is reported to be about 50-60%. Most of the Indian studies have been carried out in school children and very few in adults. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dental caries in the adult population (aged 35-44 years) and in the elderly (60 years and above) in an urban resettlement colony in New Delhi.
Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Dakshinpuri, New Delhi, from January to February 2007. A local adaptation of the WHO questionnaire was used. Oral examination was done and dentition status was recorded by trained investigators and according to the standard procedures.
Results: A total of 452 participants were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of dental caries in the 35-44 years age-group was 82.4% and it was 91.9% in those ≥60 years. The DMF index was 5.7 ± 4.7 in the 35-44 years age-group and 13.8 ± 9.6 in the ≥60 years age-group. Of the participants, 27.9% were currently using tobacco. A statistically significant association was found between tobacco consumption and dental caries ( P = 0.026). The awareness about good and bad dental practices was found to be low among the study participants. One-fifth of the individuals with dental problems relied on home remedies.
Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries among adults is high in this population. There is a need to generate awareness about oral health and the prevention of dental caries and to institute measures for the provision of dental care services at the primary level. Keywords: Community-based estimate, dental caries, India
How to cite this article:
Patro BK, Ravi Kumar B, Goswami A, Mathur VP, Nongkynrih B. Prevalence of dental caries among adults and elderly in an urban resettlement colony of New Delhi. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19:95-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Patro BK, Ravi Kumar B, Goswami A, Mathur VP, Nongkynrih B. Prevalence of dental caries among adults and elderly in an urban resettlement colony of New Delhi. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2008 [cited 2023 Jun 10];19:95-8. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2008/19/2/95/40460 |
Oral health means more than just good teeth; it also means being free of chronic pain in the mouth or in the facial region; the absence of oral and throat cancer, oral sores, and birth defects such as cleft lip and palate; freedom from periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay and tooth loss, or the many other diseases and disorders that affect the mouth and oral cavity. [1] Oral health is an integral component of general health and is essential for well-being. There is evidence to prove the interrelationship between oral and general health. [2] Many general health conditions have oral manifestations that increase the risk of oral disease which, in turn, is a risk factor for many systemic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc. However, the wider meaning of oral health does not diminish the relevance of the two globally leading oral afflictions: dental caries and periodontal diseases. Despite great successes in improving the oral health of populations globally, problems still remain in many communities around the world, particularly among the underprivileged groups in developing countries. Dental caries and periodontal diseases have historically been considered an important component of the global disease burden. Both can be effectively prevented and controlled through a combination of community, professional, and individual actions. Early detection of disease is, in most cases, crucial to control of the oral condition. A thorough naked-eye oral examination with adequate light can identify many oral conditions in the early stages.
Dental caries is the major oral health condition in developing countries, affecting 60-90% of the school children and the vast majority of adults. [3] In India, the prevalence of dental caries is reported to be 50-60%. [4] Most of the Indian studies that have been published focused on school children [5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11] and only a few studies have been done among adults. [12],[13] The World Health Organization recommends basic oral health surveys in five selected age-groups (i.e., 5 years, 12 years, 17-18 years, 35-44 years, and 65-74 years) [14] in order to estimate the magnitude of the problem and to plan intervention activities. Therefore, keeping in mind the paucity of literature on dental problems in adults and the public health importance of dental caries, this study was planned to provide some information on the oral health needs of the adult population in an urban area in Delhi.
Objectives
The present study was carried out with the following objectives:
- To estimate the prevalence of dental caries in the selected age-groups in the study area.
- To study the knowledge, beliefs, and practices of the community with regard to dental health problems.
- To identify the dental care-seeking behavior of the community.
| Materials and Methods | |  |
A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted at Dr. Ambedkar Nagar, New Delhi, which is a resettlement colony; it is also the field practice area of the Center for Community Medicine of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences. Six blocks in Dr. Ambedkar Nagar are being provided with medical services by the Center for Community Medicine on routine basis through a mobile clinic, but dental primary care and curative services are not part of the services provided. The study was conducted from January to February 2007.
The sample size, calculated on the basis of the prevalence of dental caries of 60% [4] and absolute precision of 5, was 384. Assuming a nonresponse rate of approximately 10%, we aimed to enroll 422 individuals from the community. Two out of the six blocks were selected randomly for the purpose of this study. According to the recommendations by WHO for a basic oral health survey, we decided to take two adult age-groups for this study, i.e., 35-44 years and ≥60 years. Participants were enrolled by house-to-house visits, using the consecutive sampling technique.
A pre-tested questionnaire [15] (a local adaptation of WHO's standard oral health questionnaire) consisting of questions on personal details, oral hygiene practices, dental problems, and care-seeking behavior was used in the survey. The questionnaire was administered by the investigators and was followed by a naked-eye oral examination for dentition status, using an oral probe and mirror.
Data was collected by seven survey teams. All members of the data collection teams received training to enable them to identify common dental morbidities; the training included classroom lectures and observation and practical sessions held at the Department of Dental Surgery, AIIMS, under close supervision of the specialists. A senior resident or another faculty member monitored the daily data collection process to ensure quality control. All questionnaires and data forms were checked for completeness and consistency, and when necessary, the investigators made additional field visits to clarify entries. In addition, 5% of the data was cross-checked by the supervisors through field visits.
Ethical issues
The study participants were given clear explanations about the objective of the study and verbal informed consent was taken. Those who required dental care were referred to the mobile clinic or to the dental OPD in AIIMS. It was ensured that adequately sterilized instruments were used for oral examination to prevent cross-infection.
Data entry and analysis
Data that was obtained was entered in an MS-Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS 10.0 software. The Chi-square test was applied to examine the association, if any, between dental caries and various factors. The DMF score and the DMFT index were calculated.
| Results | | |
A total of 637 houses were visited by the survey team. With a non-participation rate of 6.7% (36 houses were found locked on two consecutive visits and, in 7 houses, 12 eligible individuals refused to participate), 594 households were enrolled into the study. The total number of eligible people enrolled in the study was 452. [Table - 1] describes the age and sex distribution of the participants.
About two-thirds of the participants were females. There were approximately thrice as many participants in the age-group of 35-44 years as compared to the ≥60 year age-group.
Oral hygiene practices
It was found that 95.6% of the participants brushed their teeth daily. Among those who brushed daily, over half (78.2%) of the participants reported brushing their teeth for more than 2 min. There were 361 (83.6%) study participants who used toothpaste and another 63 (14.6%) who used toothpowder for brushing. Only eight participants reported using material other than toothpaste or toothpowder; the commonly used alternatives included neem tree extracts, coal powder, etc. There were 126 (27.9%) individuals who were current users of some form of tobacco. Among the tobacco users, 78.9% were smokers, while 38.3% used the smokeless form of tobacco. There were 22 individuals (17.2% of tobacco users) who were users of both smoked and smokeless forms of tobacco.
Dental problems and care-seeking behavior
About three-fourths (76.3%) of the participants had experienced some dental problem in the past one year. The proportion of individuals who had had a dental problem in the past one year was found out be 73.6% and 80.4% in the age-groups of 35-44 and ≥60 years, respectively. Among those who had encountered a dental health problem in last one year, 80.7% sought medical help and the remaining 19.3% relied on home remedies. One-third of those who sought medical help for dental problem, visited a public health facility (dispensary, hospital, and medical college) and rest went to a private health care facility.
Less than half (47.3%) of the study participants were aware of any one of the good practices for maintaining dental health, e.g., brushing teeth, periodic dental check-up, etc. Over one-third (36.5%) of the participants knew about practices that are bad for the teeth, such as eating too much of sweet, excess sugar, sweetened drinks, etc. About one-fourth of the participants opined that regular dental check-ups are important for good dental health.
Dental examination
Oral examination of all the participants showed a prevalence of dental caries of 84.9%. The proportion of individuals with caries was higher in the age-group of ≥60 years as compared to the age-group of 35-44 years (91.9% vs 82.4%) and this difference was found to be statistically significant [Table - 2]. However, analysis of dental caries by sex showed that there was no statistically significant difference between males and females [Table - 3]. A statistically significant association was found between tobacco consumption and dental caries (P = 0.026) as shown in [Table - 4].
The mean DMF score of study population was found out to be 7.9 with a standard deviation of 8.1. The mean DMF score varied across the age-groups, that is, it was 5.7 (4.7) and 13.8 (9.6) among the 35-44 years and the ≥60 years age-groups, respectively.
| Discussion | | |
In the present study, there were more female participants than males (65.5% vs 34.5%). The reason may be because the survey timings coincided with working hours and, therefore, the men could not be contacted; the majority of the participants were housewives.
The prevalence of dental caries in the age-group of 35-44 years in the present study was found to be 82.4%, which is lower than that reported in the WHO Oral Health Country Profile (94%). [16] However, the results were found to be higher than that found in a study conducted by Doifode et al . [17] in Nagpur (48.6%) in the same age-group and by Chakraborty et al . [18] in Siliguri (57.03%) in the age-group of 35-40 years.
The prevalence of dental caries in the age-group of 60 years and above in this study was 91.7%. This was seen to be higher than that reported in Nagpur (31.5%) [16] and in Delhi (64.2%) in the elderly age-group. [12] A study from South India among the elderly reported a mean DMF index of 13.5, [13] which is similar to that reported in the present study (13.8). The differences in the prevalence rates may be due to the different study settings.
Limitations
The majority of the study participants were females. This might bias the study results, as the sample taken is not representative of the population. Secondly, there were multiple investigators involved in collecting the data and carrying out the oral examinations; though they were all trained to carry out the procedures, some amount of inter-observer variation cannot be ruled out. Therefore, the interpretation of the results of this study should be made keeping the above limitations in mind.
| Conclusion | | |
This study showed that the prevalence of dental caries remains high among urban adults. The awareness about good and bad dental practices was found out to be low among the study participants. One-fifth of the individuals with dental problems relied on home remedies and thus neglected dental care. This study reveals that there is a need for accessible and affordable oral health services to be provided to this urban community. This can be in the form of oral health education in the community and school settings to create awareness about oral health in the general population. Simultaneously, services for oral health care at the primary level can be established in order to bring oral health care to the doorsteps of the people. This will need to be supported by referral mechanisms for those who need specialized treatment in secondary or tertiary centers.
| Acknowledgments | | |
We would like to express our appreciation to Prof. Naseem Shah, Chief, Center for Dental Education and Research, AIIMS, and Prof. C.S. Pandav, Head of the Department, Center for Community Medicine, AIIMS, for facilitating this study. We would like to acknowledge the following undergraduate students who carried out the data collection in the field : Mr. Danishwar Meena, Ms. Deepika Gupta, Mr. Dinesh Atwal, Mr. Dupinder Singh, Mr. Ejas P. Bava, Mr. Gandharv Goyal, Mr. Hansraj Singh,Ms. Isha Wadhawan, Ms. Japleen Kaur, Mr. Kartik Sehgal, Ms. Kriti Puri, Mr. Mayank Singhal, Mr. Manish Mahabir, Ms. Manpreet Kaur.
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Correspondence Address:
Baridalyne Nongkynrih
Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.40460
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3], [Table - 4] |
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